Integrated threat theory

Integrated threat theory, also known as intergroup threat theory^[1] is a theory in psychology and sociology which attempts to describe the components that cause a perceived threat between social groups.

Original components of the theory

In its original formulation, the four generally accepted components of integrated threat theory were realistic threats, symbolic threats, intergroup anxiety, and negative stereotypes.^[2]

Realistic threats

These are threats that pose a realistic danger to the in-group. These can include physical threats, threats to economic and political power, and threats to existence. These threats are broad, encompassing any threat to the group, and are based on perception. The threat does not have to be actual, only perceived to be existent to be a threat. This component was originally developed as a part of realistic group conflict theory by Robert LeVine, Donald T. Campbell, and Muzafer Sherif.

Symbolic threats

These are the perceived differences between group morals, standards, beliefs, and attitudes. This is a threat to the group's worldview rather than to its physical well-being.

Intergroup anxiety

These are anxieties based on intergroup interaction and that the outcome would be negative for the self, such as embarrassment, rejection, or ridicule. In integrated threat theory, the anxieties are physically measured to calculate prejudice.

Negative stereotypes

These create a sense that an outgroup poses a threat and that interactions with the outgroup will lead to negative outcomes. In essence, this is a fear of negative consequences through interaction with an outgroup.

Updated two-component theory

In the updated version of the theory, the four components have been reduced to two basic types - realistic and symbolic threats. Realistic threats are threats to a group’s power, resources, and general welfare. Symbolic threats are threats to a group’s religion, values, belief system, ideology, philosophy, morality, or worldview.^[1]

References

1. Stephan, Walter G.; Ybarra, Oscar; Morrison, Kimberly Rios (2009). "Intergroup Threat Theory". In Nelson, Todd D. Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination. Psychology Press. Taylor and Francis Group. p. 44.
2. Stephan, W. G.; Stephan, C. W. (2000). "An integrated threat theory of prejudice". In Oskamp, S. Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 23–45.