International business company
An international business company or international business corporation (IBC) is an offshore company formed under the laws of some jurisdictions as a tax neutral company which is usually limited in terms of the activities it may conduct in, but not necessarily from, the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated. While not taxable in the country of incorporation, an IBC or its owners, if resident in a country having "controlled foreign corporation" rules for instance can be taxable in other jurisdictions.
Features
Characteristics of an IBC vary by jurisdiction, but will usually include:
- exemption from local corporate taxation and stamp duty, provided that the company engages in no local business (annual agent's fees and company registration taxes are still payable, which are normally a few hundred U.S. dollars per year)
- preservation of confidentiality of the beneficial owner of the company
- wide corporate powers to engage in different businesses and activities
- abrogation or restriction of the requirement to demonstrate corporate benefit
- the ability to issue shares in either registered or bearer form (although many countries have restricted or eliminated bearer shares now)
- an abrogation of any requirements to appoint local directors or officers
- provision for a local registered agent or registered office
It must be noted that all of the above characteristics are also attributable to many "onshore" countries which have either a residency or territorial based tax system where setting up a company, LLC or LLP in the jurisdiction along with the use of "nominees" will offer all of the above characteristics. US LLCs, UK LLPs and Hong Kong companies are all examples which are widely used in similar capacity to IBCs and which meet all of the characteristics above.
However, under pressure from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF), most offshore jurisdictions have removed or are removing the "ring fencing" of IBCs from local taxation. In most of the jurisdictions, this has been accompanied by reductions of levels of corporate tax to zero to avoid damaging the offshore finance industry.
In contrast, Seychelles residents are legally able to own and operate a Seychelles IBC as long as the IBC is not conducting business within Seychelles. Seychelles also has a "territorial" tax system meaning that Seychelles residents are only taxed on their locally sourced income. Therefore, there is no advantage to non-residents over residents and claims of "ring fencing" have no merit on the Seychelles IBC. This has been, and continues to be, used successfully by Seychelles in defense of the Seychelles IBC vs. international bodies such as the OECD and FATF. Boosting the defense even more is the fact that there are no restrictions on a Seychelles IBC owning shares of a Seychelles domestic company.
Further, most jurisdictions have either eliminated or highly restricted the issuing of bearer shares by IBCs due to international pressures.
The IBC legal entry
An IBC is a legal entity incorporated under specific legislation which is free from all local taxes (except small fixed annual fees). Typically the IBC is limited in the activities it may conduct in, but not necessarily from, the country of incorporation. Anguilla, Bahamas, Belize, Dominica, Nevis, St Vincent and Seychelles have special IBC legislation in place. The British Virgin Islands and Gibraltar formerly had popular IBC regimes, but in each case the relevant legislation has been repealed.[1]
Typical IBC Uses
IBCs are offshore companies that are most commonly used for offshore banking to conduct international trade, investment activities, as a special purpose entity, by professionals and for asset protection. Offshore companies can be involved in buying and selling goods and services, hold bank accounts and operate businesses. IBCs are also commonly used for the ownership of real property and land; for ownership of intellectual property, licensing and franchising; personal service by individuals working overseas and offshore e-business among other things.
The term Offshore company seems more commonly used than International Business Company (IBC). Although all IBCs are necessarily offshore companies, not all offshore companies are IBCs. Both terms refer broadly to a similar type of corporate structure. The term 'offshore' is used to refer to a company, or bank account, set up outside the jurisdiction of residence or place of doing business.
See also
- International Business Companies Act
- List of company registers
- Multinational corporation
- Offshore bank
Footnotes
- ↑ For BVI, see BVI Business Companies Act