Interval training

Interval training is a type of training that involves a series of low- to high-intensity exercise workouts interspersed with rest or relief periods.[1] The high-intensity periods are typically at or close to anaerobic exercise, while the recovery periods involve activity of lower intensity.[2] Varying the intensity of effort exercises the heart muscle, providing a cardiovascular workout, improving aerobic capacity and permitting the person to exercise for longer and/or more intense levels.[3]

Interval training can refer to organization of any cardiovascular workout (e.g., cycling, running, rowing, etc.), and is prominent in training routines for many sports. It is a technique particularly employed by runners, but athletes in many disciplines use this type of training.

Variations

Fartlek training

Fartlek training, named and developed in Sweden, incorporates aspects of interval training with regular distance training. The name means 'speed play', and consists of distance running with "bursts of harder running at more irregular points, lengths and speeds compared with interval training".[2] For example, a Fartlek training session might consist of a warm-up for 5–10 minutes; running at a steady, hard speed for 2 km; rapid walking for 5 minutes (recovery); sprints of 50-60m interspersed with easy running; full-speed uphill for 200 m; rapid walking for one minute; repeating this routine until the total time schedule has elapsed (a minimum of 45 minutes). [2] The development of aerobic and anaerobic capacities, and the adaptability of Fartlek to mimic running activities during specific sports are characteristics that Fartlek shares with other variations of interval training. [2]

Sprint interval training

"Walk-back sprinting" is one example of interval training for runners, in which one sprints a short distance (anywhere from 100 to 800 metres), then walks back to the starting point (the recovery period) to repeat the sprint a certain number of times. To add challenge to the workout, each of these sprints may start at a predetermined time interval, e.g. 200 metre sprint, walk back, and sprint again every 3 minutes. The time interval provides just enough recovery. A runner will use this method of training mainly to add speed to their race and give them a finishing kick.

High-intensity interval training

High-intensity interval training attempts to decrease the overall volume of training by increasing the effort expended during the high-intensity intervals. The acronym DIRT is sometimes used to denote the variables : D = Distance of each speed interval, I = Interval of recovery between speed intervals R = Repetitions of speed intervals T = Time of each.[4]

Effectiveness

Some experts believe aerobic interval training may benefit exercisers by allowing them to burn more calories in a shorter period of time, and by improving aerobic capability at a faster rate, when compared with continuous-intensity exercise. In addition, some exercisers find interval training less monotonous than continuous-intensity exercise.[5] A number of studies confirm that in young and healthy individuals, sprint interval training appears to be just as effective as continuous endurance training of moderate intensity, and has the benefit of requiring a reduced time commitment.[6] There is some evidence that interval training is also beneficial for older individuals and for those with coronary artery disease, but further study is required on older and on sick populations before firmer conclusions as to safety and long-term effectiveness can be drawn.[6][7]

Interval training can be an effective means of improving many physiological aspects of the human body. In athletes this can enhance lactate threshold and increase VO2max. Lactate threshold has been shown to be a significant factor in determining performance for long distance running events. An increase in an athlete's VO2max allows them to intake more oxygen while exercising, enhancing the capability to sustain larger spans of aerobic effort.[8][9] Studies have also shown interval training can induce endurance-like adaptions, corresponding to increased capacity for whole body and skeletal muscle lipid oxidation and enhanced peripheral vascular structure and function.[10]

There has been increasing evidence that interval training assists in managing risk factors of many diseases including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. It does this by improving insulin action and sensitivity. Generating higher insulin sensitivity results in lower levels of insulin need to lower glucose levels in the blood. This helps individuals with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome control their glucose levels.[8][11] Experts have also made it known that a combination of interval training and continuous exercise increases cardiovascular fitness and raises HDL-cholesterol, which reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.[12] [13] This type of training also decreases waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio(WRH), and the sum of skin folds on the body.[10]

This method of training may be more effective at inducing fat loss than simply training at a moderate intensity level for the same duration. This is due to the metabolism-boosting effects of high intensity intervals.[14][15][16]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Heyward 2006.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Kerr 2011.
  3. ↑ Atkins, William. "Interval Training". In Longe, Jacqueline. The Gale Encyclopedia of Fitness. pp. 475–477. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  4. ↑ Lifetime Physical Fitness and Wellness: A Personalized Program 1305887271 Wener W.K. Hoeger, Sharon A. Hoeger - 2016 The acronym DIRT is frequently used to denote these variables : D = Distance of each speed interval I = Interval or length of recovery between speed intervals R = Repetitions or number of speed intervals to be performed T = Time of each .."
  5. ↑ "Rev up your workout with interval training". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  6. 1 2 Gist, Nicholas H.; Fedewa, Michael V.; Dishman, Rod K.; Cureton, Kirk J. (16 October 2013). "Sprint Interval Training Effects on Aerobic Capacity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Sports Medicine. 44 (2): 269–279. doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0115-0.
  7. ↑ Cornish, Aimee K.; Broadbent, Suzanne; Cheema, Birinder S. (23 October 2010). "Interval training for patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 111 (4): 579–589. doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1682-5.
  8. 1 2 Giala MJ, Gillen JB, Percival ME (2014). "Physiological and Health-related Adaptions to Low-Volume Interval training: Influences of Nutrition and sex". Sports Medicine (Auckland, NZ). 44 (2): 127–137. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0259-6.
  9. ↑ Osawa Y, Azuma K, Tavata S, et al. (2014). "Effects of 16-week high intensity interval training using upper and lower body ergometers on aerobic fitness and morphological changes in healthy men: preliminary study". Open Access journal of Sports Medicine. 5: 257–265. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S68932. PMC 4226445Freely accessible. PMID 25395872.
  10. 1 2 Mazurek K, Karwczyk K, Zemijeeski P, Norkoski H, Czajkowska (2014). "Effects of aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise programme on aerobic and anaerobic capacity, somatic features and blood lipid profile in collegiate females". Ann Agric Environ Med. 21 (4): 844–849. doi:10.5604/12321966.1129949. PMID 25528932.
  11. ↑ TjØonna AE, Lee SJ, Rognmo Ø, et al. (2008). "Aerobic interval training vs. continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome- "A Pilot Study"". Circulation. 118 (4): 346–354. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.772822.
  12. ↑ "The effect of a high-intensity interval training program on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in young men.".
  13. ↑ Roxburgh BH, Nolan PB, Weatherwax RM, Dalleck LC (2014). "Is Moderate Intensity Exercise Training Combined with High Intensity Interval Training More Effective at Improving Cardiorespiratory Fitness than Moderate Intensity Exercise Training Alone". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 13 (3): 702–737. PMC 4126312Freely accessible. PMID 25177202.
  14. ↑ Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance
  15. ↑ Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training increases the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women
  16. ↑ NYTimes Article on Interval Training "A Healthy Mix of Rest and Motion"

References

External links

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