Intervention (counseling)

This article is about orchestrated group interventions. For the approach used in cognitive therapy, see cognitive interventions.

An intervention is an orchestrated attempt by one or many people – usually family and friends – to get someone to seek professional help with an addiction or some kind of traumatic event or crisis, or other serious problem. The term intervention is generally used when the traumatic event involves addiction to drugs or other items. Intervention can also refer to the act of using a similar technique within a therapy session.

Interventions have been used to address serious personal problems, including alcoholism, compulsive gambling, drug abuse, compulsive eating and other eating disorders, self harm and being the victim of abuse.

Direct and indirect interventions

Interventions are either direct, typically involving a confrontational meeting with individual in question, or indirect, involving work with a co-dependent family to encourage them to be more effective in helping the individual.

There are three major models of intervention in use today: the Johnson Model, the Arise Model, and the Systemic Family Model.

The use of interventions originated the 1960s with Dr. Vernon Johnson. The Johnson Model was subsequently taught years later at the Johnson Institute. It focuses on creating a confrontation between a group of supporters and the addict in order to expose the addict to the consequences of their addiction. The confrontation serves to precipitate a crisis in the addict's life that is not threatening, damaging, or fatal, and is used to compel them into treatment before they are able to suffer irreparable social or physical damage as a result of their disease.[1]

The Arise Intervention Model involves exposing the addict and their family members to a collaborative intervention process. Rather than being confrontational, the Arise Model is invitational, non-secretive, and a gradually-escalating process.[2]

The Systemic Family Model may use either an invitational or confrontational approach. It differs from the Johnson Model in that the focus is on fostering a patient, firm coaching instead of creating a negative confrontation.[3] Rather than focusing on the addict, the interventionist fosters discussion with the entire family on how their behavior contributes to the addict’s continued abuse of substances, and how to approach the problem as a family unit.[4]

While some interventionists will prescribe to one of the above models over the others, many are able to blend the three models based on what will be most effective for the addict and their family.

Plans for direct intervention

Plans for an intervention are made by a concerned group of family, friends, and counselor(s), rather than by the drug or alcohol abuser. Whether it is invitation model or direct model, the abuser is not included in the decision making process for planning the intervention. A properly conducted direct intervention is planned through cooperation between the identified abuser's family or friends and an intervention counselor, coordinator, or educator. It is important to perform the intervention in an open, large space so as to reassure the abuser that they are not trapped or cornered. Ample time must be given to the specific situation; however, basic guidelines can be followed in the intervention planning process. (An intervention can also be conducted in the workplace with colleagues and with no family present.)

Prior preparation

Prior to the intervention, the family meets with a counselor or interventionist. Families prepare letters in which they describe their experiences associated with the addict's behavior, to convey to the person the impact his or her addiction has had on others. Also during the intervention rehearsal meeting, a group member is strongly urged to create a list of activities by the addict that they will no longer tolerate, finance, or participate in if the addict does not agree to check into a rehabilitation center for treatment. These consequences may be as simple as no longer loaning money to the addict, but can be far more serious, such as losing custody of a child.

Family and friends read their letters to the addict, who then must decide whether to check into the prescribed rehabilitation center or deal with the promised losses.

Controversy

There are questions about the long-term effectiveness of interventions for those addicted to drugs or alcohol. A study examining addicts who had undergone a standard intervention (called the Johnson Intervention) found that they had a higher relapse rate than any other method of referral to outpatient Alcohol and Other Drug treatment.[5] "The Johnson Institute intervention entails five therapy sessions that prepare the client and his or her family members for a family confrontation meeting."[6]

More research needs to be done in the area of long term effectiveness of pre-treatment interventions specific to drug and alcohol abusers.

Community Reinforcement Approach and Family Training (CRAFT) apparently has had much more success than the Johnson Intervention method or Al-Anon/Alateen (see article: CRAFT).

Civil liberty and forcible intervention

Sometimes direct interventions involve physical force (for example, by family members or friends) to capture or confine the targeted person. In such cases the intervention may be illegal because it deprives the person of liberty without due process of law.

In popular culture

Real-life interventions

Film and television
Literature

Fictional interventions

Film and television
Literature

See also

References

Notes
  1. ↑ "What is the Johnson Model? | Association of Intervention Specialists". www.associationofinterventionspecialists.org. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
  2. ↑ "About ARISE Network". Drug and Alcohol Family Intervention | Arise. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
  3. ↑ "What is an intervention? - Southworth Associates - Drug and Alcohol Rehab Interventions". southworthassociates.net. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
  4. ↑ "Intervention Techniques and Models - Intervention Support". Intervention Support. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
  5. ↑ "The Johnson intervention and relapse during outpatient treatment". American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 22.n3 (August 1996): pp36
  6. ↑ Miller, William R.; Meyers, Robert J.; Hiller-Sturmhöfel, Susanne (1999). "The Community-Reinforcement Approach" (pdf). Alcohol Research and Health. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 23 (2).p. 119
  7. ↑ Faye D. Resnick with Mike Walker (October 1, 1994). Nicole Brown Simpson: The Private Diary of a Life Interrupted (2nd ed.). Dove Books. ISBN 978-1-55144-061-3.
  8. ↑ David Ehrenstein (January 22, 1995). "LA Times Book Review: All About Faye". LA Times.

External links

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