Introduced species of the British Isles

Grey squirrel, an introduced species in Great Britain

Islands, such as the British Isles, can be adversely affected by the introduction of non-native species. Often an island will have several distinct species not present on the nearest mainland, and vice versa. The native flora and fauna of islands which have been isolated for a longer period of time such as New Zealand or Hawaii (which have been isolated for millions of years) are more vulnerable than islands such as Britain and Ireland, which became isolated more recently (8,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age).

Many species have been introduced to Britain during historical times. Some species such as the midwife toad (Alytes), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) and horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) have been introduced with no adverse consequences. However, others such as the eastern grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus), and Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) have had a severe impact both economically and ecologically.

Problems caused

Economics

In 2010 CABI (Centre for Agricultural Bioscience International) estimated that introduced species in United Kingdom cost £2 billion annually.^[1] The most costly species were listed as being the European rabbit and Japanese knotweed. The European rabbit, introduced to Britain in the 12th century, eats and therefore damages a wide variety of crops and cost the UK £263 million. Japanese knotweed, introduced as an ornamental garden plant in the late 19th century, the roots of which spread by underground rhizomes, can undermine and damage buildings, pavements and roads,^[2] cost £179 million. In fact, most mortgage lenders in the UK will demand proof of the plant's eradication from a home owner's property(if signs of it being present are noticed), for it can cause potential physical damage to one's estate.^[3]

Ecology

Displacement of native species

In addition to the economic costs incurred by management, some introduced fauna displace native species. This can occur by predation, competition for resources, or the spread of disease.

The native European crayfish

The introduced signal crayfish

Predation: American mink (Neovison vison), which either escaped or were released from fur farms, prey on native European water voles (Arvicola amphibius) and are drastically reducing their numbers.^[4] It was reported that since the late 1980s, 90% of the UK population of the European water vole has been lost, primarily due to displacement and predation by the American mink.^[5]

Resource competition: The introduced grey squirrel is larger and more aggressive than the native red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) and displaces the native squirrel by competing for food and habitat. Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) populations, originally an Afro-Asian parakeet, have become established in Britain from introduced and escaped birds. There are two main populations: the largest is based around south London, where they can be regularly seen in places such as Battersea Park, Richmond Park, and Greenwich Park; the smaller population can be seen in Surrey and Berkshire, and by 2005 consisted of many thousands of birds, known as the Kingston parakeets.^[6] These large parakeets displace native birds species by competing for roosts and nest sites.

Disease: Some introduced species carry diseases to which native species are susceptible. The grey squirrel is a carrier of the squirrel pox virus which kills red squirrels but not grey squirrels.^[7] The European crayfish is susceptible to crayfish plague which is spread by the introduced signal crayfish.^[8]

Unlike some other environmental problems such as pollution, the effect of an introduced species is not a single event. Once a species has been introduced to an island, the problems may persist and escalate as the species spreads further.

Environmental damage

Coypus (Myocastor coypus), large semi-aquatic rodents native to South America, were introduced to the British Isles in 1929 when fur farms were set up in Sussex, Hampshire, Devon and Norfolk. The farms were sited mainly in lowland areas rich in rivers and streams. During the 1930s coypus escaped from captivity and despite repeated attempts to control them, they adapted well to the British habitat, breeding successfully in the countryside of East Anglia. Their habit of building large burrows in river banks caused great erosion damage and threatened the tourism industry where boating is a popular recreation, and caused great damage to drainage works. Coypu were declared to have been successfully eradicated in December 1989,.^[9] but in 2012 a "giant rat" was killed in County Durham, and authorities suspected that the animal was, in fact, a coypu.^[10]

Management of introduced species

Some species have adapted harmoniously into the ecology of the British Isles. For example, the little owl is not native to the British Isles but was first introduced in 1842,^[11] by Thomas Powys and is now naturalised there. However, the presence of some introduced species has proved disastrous for native flora and fauna.

Case studies of impact examples can be found at the Non-native Species Secretariat website.

Information on control methods for aquatic species can be found at the GB Non-native Species Secretariat website.

Example: Grey squirrel

One notable example of a species introduced to the British Isles is the grey squirrel from North America, which out-competes the smaller native red squirrel, as well as carrying a virus that is fatal to the reds. The cost of attempting eradication was reported in 2010 to be £14 million.^[1] These attempts have been deemed unsuccessful and priority is now being given to preserving the remaining red squirrel habitats.

The following is a partial list of introduced species:

Vertebrates

Mammals Black tailed prairie dog from North America[12] Crested porcupine from Africa[12] Himalayan porcupine from Asia[12] South American coati from South America[12] Striped skunk from North America[12] Golden hamster from Africa[12] Mongolian gerbil from Asia[12] Greater white-toothed shrew from mainland Europe and Africa[12] American mink[13] Black rat Brown rat Chinese water deer[14] Coypu from South America (subsequently eradicated) Domestic cat from the Middle East[15] Edible dormouse from Europe European rabbit from continental Europe[16][17] Grey squirrel from North America[13] Fallow deer from continental Europe[18] Feral goat[19] House mouse Red-necked wallaby from Australia[17] Reeves's muntjac deer from China[17][20][21] Sika deer from Asia[22][23]

Birds Canada goose Common pheasant Golden pheasant from Asia Lady Amherst's pheasant Little owl from mainland Europe Mandarin duck from Asia Red-legged partridge Rose-ringed parakeet from Asia Ruddy duck from America

Reptiles Aesculapian snake[24] Common wall lizard European pond terrapin 22 species of terrapin[24] Amphibians Alpine newt American bullfrog (not established) Edible frog European tree frog Marsh frog Midwife toad Yellow-bellied toad

Fish Bitterling Black bullhead Bluegill Brook trout Common carp Crucian carp Fathead minnow Goldfish Grass carp Orfe Pacific humped back salmon Pumpkinseed Rainbow trout Sunbleak Topmouth gudgeon Walleye Wels Zander

Invertebrates

Molluscs Freshwater snail New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) Spanish slug (Arion vulgaris)

Crustaceans Chinese mitten crab Darwin's barnacle Killer shrimp Signal crayfish[25]

Insects

Ants Pharaoh ant from United States List of non-endemic ant species introduced to Great Britain

Beetles Harlequin ladybird[24]

Butterflies and moths

• Large chequered skipper butterfly from continental Europe to Channel Islands (subsequently lost)
• Large copper butterfly Lycaena dispar rutilus from Continental Europe (subsequently lost)
• Large copper butterfly Lycaena dispar batavus from The Netherlands (subsequently lost)
• Geranium bronze butterfly from South Africa via Southern Europe on geranium (not established)
• Map butterfly (subsequently eradicated)
• Psychoides filicivora moth from the Far East
• Azalea Leaf Miner moth from East Asia
• Argyresthia cupressella moth from United States
• Brown house moth from Asia
• Tachystola acroxantha moth from Australia
• Coleotechnites piceaella moth from United States
• Cotoneaster Webworm moth from United States
• Blastobasis lignea moth
• Blastobasis lacticlella moth
• Adoxophyles oporana moth
• Carnation tortrix
• Light brown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana from Australia
• Codling moth
• Horse-chestnut leaf miner
• Box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis from East Asia^[26]

Planarians

Two species that prey on earthworms.

• Arthurdendyus triangulatus - from New Zealand
• Australoplana sanguinea - from Australia

Spiders

• Redback spider from Australia
• wasp spider from northern Europe

Plants

American willow herb Autumnal crocus Bermuda buttercup Canadian pond weed Common Field speedwell Epilobium brunnescens Evening primrose Floating pennywort Fox and cubs Giant hogweed Guernsey fleabane Himalayan balsam Hottentot fig Japanese knotweed Jewelweed

Least duckweed Leycesteria formosa Oxford ragwort Pigmy weed Purple dewplant Purple pitcher Rhododendron Russian vine Water fern Myriophyllum verticillatum, whorled water milfoil]], invasive to Ireland

See also

• List of introduced species
• Lists of invasive species
• Invasive species in Australia
• Invasive species in New Zealand
• List of invasive species in California

Resources

• GB Non-native Species Secretariat

References

1. James Meikle (2010-12-15). "Rabbits named Britain's most costly invasive species | Environment". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
2. "managing invasive non-native plants" (PDF). Environment Agency. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
3. "Invasive plants in the United Kingdom that may lead to offence and fees from the UK government". Fantastic Gardeners. Retrieved 2016-02-19.
4. "Mink and Water Vole – GB non-native species secretariat". Secure.fera.defra.gov.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
5. "Water vole sanctuary created in Bridport". BBC.co.uk. 2013-03-08. Retrieved 2013-03-08.
6. London Bird Report 2006. London Natural History Society. 2006. p. 93. ISBN 0-901009-22-9.
7. "Squirrel Pox – GB non-native species secretariat". Secure.fera.defra.gov.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
8. "Crayfish plague". Environment Agency. 2012-01-30. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
9. Gosling, Morris (4 March 1989). "Extinction to Order". New Scientist. London. 121 (1564): 44–49.
10. "Police To Investigate Man Who Killed 4ft Rat". Sky. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
11. Greenoak, Francesca (1997-10-31). British Birds: Their Names, Folklore and Literature. Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-7136-4814-7.
12. "British Isles Exotic and Introduced Mammals". World of European Exotic and Introduced Species.
13. "Examples of problem non-native species in Scotland". Scotland.gov.uk. 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
14. Powered by Intergage www.intergage.co.uk. "The British Deer Society – Chinese Water Deer". Bds.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
15. "Science & Nature – Pets – Cats". BBC. 2004-03-12. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
16. "Remains of Roman rabbit uncovered". BBC.co.uk. 2005-04-13. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
17. Various introduced animal species
18. British Deer Society
19. "Mammal status – Feral goat". Snowdoniamammals.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
20. "GB non-native species secretariat". Secure.fera.defra.gov.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
21. British Deer Society
22. BBC Wildlife finder – Sika Deer
23. British Deer Society
24. Michael McCarthy, The I Newspaper, Saturday November 3rd, 2012, p. 21
25. "BBC News – Salmon fears after crayfish found in River Kelvin". BBC.co.uk. 2010-11-26. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
26. "New threat to box plants". The Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 23 June 2011.