Javan tiger

Javan tiger
Javan tiger photographed by Andries Hoogerwerf in Ujung Kulon National Park, 1938[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Synapsida
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Felidae
Genus: Panthera
Species: P. tigris
Subspecies: P. t. sondaica
Trinomial name
Panthera tigris sondaica
Temminck, 1844
Former range of the Javan tiger

The Javan tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica) is an extinct tiger subspecies that inhabited the Indonesian island of Java until the mid-1970s.[2] It was one of the three subspecies limited to islands.[3]

Characteristics

The Javan tiger was very small compared to other subspecies of the Asian mainland, but larger in size than the Bali tiger. It usually had long and thin stripes, which were slightly more numerous than those of the Sumatran tiger. Its nose was long and narrow, occipital plane remarkably narrow and carnassials relatively long. Based on these cranial differences, the Javan tiger was proposed to be assigned to a distinct species, Panthera sondaica.[3]

Males had a mean body length of 248 cm (98 in) and weighed between 100 and 141 kg (220 and 311 lb). Females were smaller than males and weighed between 75 and 115 kg (165 and 254 lb).[4]

The smaller body size of the Javan tiger is attributed to Bergmann’s rule and the size of the available prey species in Java, which are smaller than the cervid and bovid species distributed on the Asian mainland. However, the diameter of its tracks are larger than those of Bengal tiger in Bangladesh, India and Nepal.[5]

Charles Frederick Partington wrote that Javan and Sumatran tigers were strong enough to break legs of horses or buffaloes with their paws, even though they were not as heavy as Bengal tigers.[6]

Habitat and ecology

At the end of the 19th century, Javan tigers inhabited most of Java. Around 1850, the people living in the rural areas still considered them a plague. In 1890, Dutch author Jan Gerhard ten Bokkel noted how the fear of tigers brought the people to superstitious use of language: "A Javan will never speak about a tiger without calling him "Mister", it's always: Mr. Tiger. The beast might hear him once, and take revenge at him for merely saying tiger in a familiar way!"[7]

By 1940, tigers had retreated to remote mountainous and forested areas. Around 1970, the only known tigers lived in the region of Mount Betiri, with an altitude of 1,192 m (3,911 ft) the highest mountain in Java's southeast, which had not been settled due to the rugged and sloping terrain. In 1972, the 500 km2 (190 sq mi) area was gazetted as wildlife reserve. The last tigers were sighted there in 1976.[1][8]

They preyed on rusa deer, banteng and wild boar, less often on water fowl and reptiles. Nothing is known about their gestation period, or life span in the wild and in captivity. Up to World War II, Javan tigers were kept in some Indonesian zoos, but these were closed down during the war. After the war, they were so rare, that it was easier to obtain Sumatran tigers.[5]

Extirpation

Skin of Java tiger, 1915
Tiger fight in Java, 1870-1892
A group of men and children poses with a killed tiger in Malingping in Banten, West-Java, 1941

At the beginning of the 20th century, 28 million people lived on the island of Java. The annual production of rice was insufficient to adequately supply the growing human population, so that within 15 years 150% more land was cleared for cultivating rice. In 1938, natural forest covered 23% of the island. By 1975, only 8% forest stand remained; the human population had increased to 85 million people.[5] In this human-dominated landscape, the extirpation of the Javan tiger was intensified by the conjunction of several circumstances and events:[1]

Last efforts

Banteng: bulls of the Javan subspecies Bos javanicus javanicus are black
Rusa deer from the islands offshore Ujung Kulon have been resettled in Meru Betiri.[5]

Until the mid-1960s, tigers survived in three protected areas, which had been established during the 1920–1930s: Ujung Kulon, Leuweng Sancang and Baluran. But following the period of civil unrest, no tigers were sighted there. In 1971, an older female was shot in a plantation near Mount Betiri in the southeast of Java. Since then, not a single cub has been recorded in this last known refuge of the big cats. The area was upgraded to a wildlife reserve in 1972, at which time a small guard force was established and four habitat management projects were initiated. The reserve was severely disrupted by two large plantations in the major river valleys, occupying the most suitable habitat for the tiger and its prey. In 1976, tracks were found in the eastern part of the reserve, suggesting the presence of three to five tigers. Only a few banteng survived close to the plantations, but tracks of rusa deer, the preferred prey of the Javan tiger, were not sighted.[9]

After 1979, there were no more confirmed sightings of tigers in Meru Betiri. In 1980, Seidensticker and Suyono recommended extending the wildlife reserve and completely eliminating the disruptive influence of humans on the fragile ecosystem. The Indonesian Nature Conservation Authority implemented these recommendations in 1982 by gazetting the reserve as a national park. These measures were, however, too late to save the few remaining tigers in the region.[1] In 1987, a group of 30 students of Bogor Agricultural University (Institut Pertanian Bogor) conducted an expedition to Meru Betiri National Park. In groups of five, they searched the complete area and found tiger scat and tracks.[10]

In the west of Java lies the Halimun Reserve, today integrated into the Mount Halimun Salak National Park. In 1984, a tiger was killed there; and in 1989, pugmarks were found that were the size of a tiger's. However, an expedition of six biologists conducted in 1990 did not yield any definite, direct evidence for the existence of tigers.[10] A subsequent survey was planned in the Meru Betiri National Park in autumn 1992 with the support of WWF Indonesia, deploying camera traps for the first time. From March 1993 to March 1994, cameras were positioned at 19 sites, which did not yield a single picture of a tiger. During this period, no tracks indicating the presence of tigers were discovered.[11] After the final report of this survey had been published, the Javan tiger was declared extinct.[12]

Rumours and indications of the possible presence of tigers in the Meru Betiri National Park prompted the park's Chief Warden Indra Arinal to initiate another search. With support of the Sumatran Tiger Project, twelve members of the park staff were trained in the autumn of 1999 to set up camera traps and map their observations. The Canadian The Tiger Foundation provided infrared cameras.[13] Despite a year of work, they photographed no tigers, few prey, and many poachers.[14]

Alleged sightings

Skull

Occasional, unofficial reports of Javan tigers still surface from enthusiasts who believe the tiger still exists in Java.[15]

In November 2008, an unidentified body of a female mountain hiker was found in Mount Merbabu National Park, Central Java, who allegedly died from tiger attack. Villagers who discovered the body have also claimed some tiger sightings in the vicinity.[16]

Another alleged sighting occurred in Magetan Regency, East Java, in January 2009. Some villagers claimed to have seen a tigress with two cubs wandering near a village adjacent to Lawu Mountain. This news triggered mass panic. Local authorities found several fresh tracks in the location. However, by that time, those animals had already vanished.[17]

Following the October 2010 eruption of Mount Merapi, two Indonesian villagers have claimed sightings of a big cat paw print in the residual ash, which sparked rumours that a tiger or leopard was roaming abandoned farms in search for food. Personnel of the nearby national park did not think it was likely that this paw print was a tiger's.[18]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Seidensticker, J. (1987). Bearing Witness: Observations on the Extinction of Panthera tigris balica and Panthera tigris sondaica. Pages 1–8 in: Tilson, R. L., Seal, U. S. (eds.) Tigers of the World: the biology, biopolitics, management, and conservation of an endangered species. Noyes Publications, New Jersey.
  2. 1 2 Jackson, P.; Nowell, K. (2008). "Panthera tigris ssp. sondaica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
  3. 1 2 Mazák, J. H., Groves, C. P. (2006). A taxonomic revision of the tigers (Panthera tigris). Mammalian Biology 71 (5): 268–287.
  4. ↑ Mazák, V. (1981). "Panthera tigris" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 152: 1–8. doi:10.2307/3504004. JSTOR 3504004.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Seidensticker, J. (1986). Large Carnivores and the Consequences of Habitat Insularization: Ecology and Conservation of Tigers in Indonesia and Bangladesh. Pages 1−42 in: Miller, S.D., Everett, D.D. (eds.) Cats of the world: biology, conservation and management. National Wildlife Federation, Washington DC.
  6. ↑ Charles Frederick Partington (1835). "Felis, the cat tribe". The British cyclopæedia of natural history. Orr & Smith.
  7. ↑ Bokkel, ten, J. G. (1890). Dominee, pastoor of rabbi? Populaire kritiek. (in Dutch). Amsterdam: De Dageraad. p. 13. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  8. ↑ Treep, L. (1973). On the Tiger in Indonesia (with special reference to its status and conservation). Report no. 164, Department of Nature Conservation and Nature Management, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
  9. ↑ Seidensticker, J., Suyono, I. (1980). The Javan Tiger and the Meri-Betiri Reserve, a plan for management. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland. 167 pp.
  10. 1 2 Istiadi, Y., Panekenan, N., Priatna, D., Novendri, Y., Mathys, A., Mathys, Y. (1991). Untersuchung über die Carnivoren des Gunung Halimun Naturschutzgebietes. Zoologische Gesellschaft für Arten- und Populationsschutz e.V. Mitteilungen 7 (2): 3–5.
  11. ↑ Rafiastanto, A. (1994). Camera trapping survey of Javan tiger and other wild animals in Meru Betiri National Park. WWF-IP Project ID 0084-02
  12. ↑ Jackson, P., Kemf, E. (1994). Wanted alive! Tigers in the wild: 1994 WWF species status report. WWF Gland.
  13. ↑ Tilson, R. (1999). Sumatran Tiger Project Report No. 17 & 18: July − December 1999 Grant number 1998-0093-059. Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Steering Committee, Jakarta.
  14. ↑ Breining, G. (2002). What's Our Zoo Got to Do With It? Minnesota Conservation Volunteer.
  15. ↑ Bambang M. (2002). In search of 'extinct' Javan tiger. The Jakarta Post, October 30, 2002.
  16. ↑ DetikNews Nov 17, 2008: Pendaki Wanita Tewas di Gunung Merbabu, Diduga Diterkam Harimau
  17. ↑ JawaPos 24 Januari 2009: Harimau Teror Warga Ringin Agung
  18. ↑ The Sydney Morning Herald (2010) Tiger rumours swirl below Indon volcano The Sydney Morning Herald, 2 November 2010.
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