Jeanne Quinault

Jeanne Quinault (born and baptized 13 October 1699 in Strasbourg, died 18 January 1783 in Paris), was a French actress, playwright and salon hostess.

She was usually called Mlle Quinault la cadette (the younger), to distinguish her from her older sister, Marie-Anne-Catherine Quinault, also an actress. She herself thought her name was Jeanne-Françoise Quinault until 1726, when she obtained a copy of her baptismal record and discovered her legal name, but most references to her use the two given names.^[1]

Stage career

She made her début at the Comédie-Française on 14 June 1718 and was accepted into the company in December 1718, becoming the sixth member of the Quinault family to be admitted. She gave her first performance in the title role of Racine's Phèdre and five days later played Chimène in Pierre Corneille's Le Cid. The choices are rather surprising, because she became famous in soubrette and comic character roles.

In 1727 Jeanne Quinault created the role of Céliante in Le Philosophe marié by Philippe Néricault Destouches. It was an ideal role for her, a strange, proud, moody and capricious woman, who was nonetheless vivacious, appealing and entertaining. This hugely popular play established her as one of the stars of the troupe.^[2]

Writer

Over a period of several months beginning in December 1731, Jeanne joined with a group of seven other friends to meet regularly and produce light-hearted, often parodic and satirical, theatrical entertainments, which they called lazzis, a term from the Commedia dell'arte meaning comic pantomime. The other Lazzistes included Jeanne's sister-in-law, formerly Mlle de Seine; her cousin Mlle Balicourt, who had joined the Comédie-Française in 1727; the poet and playwright Alexis Piron; the Comte de Caylus; Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas; and Charles-Alexandre Salley. The Lazzistes were not the only such group that Jeanne Quinault frequented in this period, but it stands out, both because the men continued to play an important part in her life for years afterward, and because they kept a record of their activities, which has recently been rediscovered and published.^[3] This document shows Jeanne to have been the driving spirit in the group.

During the 1730s Jeanne Quinault became close friends with Piron; she advised him about his writing and, along with other members of her family, acted in his best play, La Métromanie (Obsession with Rhyming, 1738). She is credited with having suggested the ideas for Le Préjugé à la mode (The Fashionable Prejudice, 1735) to La Chaussée and for L'Enfant prodigue (The Prodigal Son, 1736) to Voltaire.^[4] Voltaire, who often wrote to Mlle Quinault for advice, told Françoise de Graffigny that the actress "was constantly imagining subjects for comedies and tragedies, and offered them to authors, urging them to work on them." ^[5] She thus played a significant part in creating the vogue for comédie larmoyante (tear-jerking comedy), and it is not surprising that she later helped Francoise de Graffigny write her very successful example of the genre, Cénie (1750).^[6]

Société du bout du banc

Mlle Quinault also continued to see Caylus in the 1730s, and in the 1740s they became co-hosts of the first incarnation of the informal salon called the Bout-du-Banc".^[7] Françoise de Graffigny arrived in Paris just before the actress retired, and they soon became close friends. Her letters to her friend back in Lorraine, François-Antoine Devaux, give an unusually detailed account of the Bout-du-Banc's activities. Regulars included the poet Moncrif, the novelist Claude Crébillon, the novelist and historian Charles Pinot Duclos, and the financier philosophe Claude Adrien Helvétius. The fare was simple but good, and they entertained themselves by singing, acting skits, reading works in progress, and collaborating on anthologies of facéties, parodies of popular genres.^[8]

The first Bout-du-Banc ended in the late 1740s, in part because of dissension among the group, and in part because Jeanne Quinault was distracted by the need to take care of the children of her oldest brother, who died in 1745.^[9] For the next few years she was closer than ever to Françoise de Graffigny, advising her on Cénie and helping to bring about the marriage of her ward, Anne-Catherine de Ligniville, to Helvétius.^[10]

By August 1752 the Bout-du-Banc was convening regularly again, with some new members like the playwright and songwriter Charles Collé and Charles-Just de Beauvau, a prince from Lorraine. The most famous episode in the history of the Bout-du-Banc took place in 1754, when Duclos brought Jean-Jacques Rousseau to a dinner. Rousseau mentions the incident briefly in his Confessions, citing the invitation as proof of Duclos's continued friendship when others were abandoning him, and saying that he was cordially welcomed.^[11] Later, however, the scene was fictionalized, mainly by Diderot, as a debate between the anti-religious regular guests and the unexpectedly pious newcomer; and while the novel was never published, a nineteenth-century editor found the manuscript, replaced the fictional names with real ones, changed the title from Histoire de Mme de Montbrillant to "Mémoires de Mme d'Épinay, and published it in 1818.^[12] For decades, this work, now called "pseudo-Memoirs of Mme d'Épinay", was regarded as authentic,^[13] and because of it the Bout-du-Banc was thought to be a den of Encyclopédistes and a hotbed of Enlightenment philosophy and its hostess a shameless freethinker.^[14]

In reality, Jeanne Quinault was careful to conceal her views, whatever they were, on religion and politics. She observed strict proprieties in her conduct, and seemed rather prudish at times to Françoise de Graffigny.^[15] She was received by the nobility, and raised her wards to make marriages answering to the ideal of respectability of the time. In 1758, she moved from her Paris apartment to the more rural Saint-Germain-en-Laye, where she lived quietly and corresponded with friends, until failing health led her to return to the city in 1778.^[16]

Notes

1. Judith Curtis, "Divine Thalie": the career of Jeanne Quinault, SVEC 2007:08, pp. 10-11.
2. Curtis, p. 37.
3. Judith Curtis and David Trott, eds., Histoire et recueil des lazzis, SVEC 338 (1996).
4. René Vaillot, Avec Mme Du Châtelet, Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1988, pp. 58-62.
5. Dainard, ed., Correspondance de Mme de Graffigny, vol. 1, letter 96, pp. 338-39.
6. Curtis, pp. 53-89.
7. "Bout-du-banc" means literally "end of the bench" but idiomatically something like "potluck".
8. Curtis, pp. 90-110.
9. Curtis, pp. 111-46.
10. English Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny: Her Life and Works, SVEC, 2004:11, p. 233-51; D. W. Smith et al., eds., Correspondance générale d'Helvétius, Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1981, vol. 1.
11. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Les Confessions, ed. Bernard Gagnebin and Marcel Raymond, Paris: Pléiade, 1959, p. 387 (book 8).
12. Raymond Trousson and Frédéric S. Eigeldinger, eds., Dictionnaire de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Paris: Champion, 1996, pp. 302-303.
13. E.g. by Francis Steegmuller, A Woman, A Man and Two Kingdoms: The story of Madame d'Épinay and the abbé Galiani (New York) 1991 and Ruth Plaut Weinreb, Eagle in a Gauze Cage. Louise d’Épinay femme de lettres, 1993; here any intervention by Diderot in Mme d'Épinay's fictionalized memoire is minimal; the literary history is summarized in Cécile Cavillac, "Audaces et inhibitions d’une romancière au XVIIIe siècle : le cas de madame d’Epinay", Revue d'histoire littéraire de la France 1004.4 (2004)
14. Curtis, pp. 191-200.
15. Curtis, pp. 90-91.
16. Curtis, p. 10-11, 187, and passim.