Job scheduler

This article is about a class of software. For the mathematical problem in Computer Science, see Job Shop Scheduling. For other uses, see Scheduling (disambiguation).

A job scheduler is a computer application for controlling unattended background program execution of jobs.[1] This is commonly called batch scheduling, as execution of non-interactive jobs is often called batch processing, though traditional job and batch are distinguished and contrasted; see that page for details. Other synonyms include batch system, distributed resource management system (DRMS), distributed resource manager (DRM), and, commonly today, workload automation. The data structure of jobs to run is known as the job queue.

Modern job schedulers, often termed workload automation, typically provide a graphical user interface and a single point of control for definition and monitoring of background executions in a distributed network of computers. Increasingly, job schedulers are required to orchestrate the integration of real-time business activities with traditional background IT processing across different operating system platforms and business application environments.

Job scheduling should not be confused with process scheduling, which is the assignment of currently running processes to CPUs by the operating system.

Overview

Basic features expected of job scheduler software include:

If software from a completely different area includes all or some of those features, this software can be considered to have job scheduling capabilities.

Most operating systems, such as Unix and Windows, provide basic job scheduling capabilities, notably by at and batch and the Windows Task Scheduler, respectively. Web hosting services provide job scheduling capabilities through a control panel or a webcron solution. Many programs such as DBMS, backup, ERPs, and BPM also include relevant job-scheduling capabilities. Operating system ("OS") or point program supplied job-scheduling will not usually provide the ability to schedule beyond a single OS instance or outside the remit of the specific program. Organizations needing to automate unrelated IT workload may also leverage further advanced features from a job scheduler, such as:

These advanced capabilities can be written by in-house developers but are more often provided by suppliers who specialize in systems-management software.

Main concepts

There are many concepts that are central to almost every job scheduler implementation and that are widely recognized with minimal variations:

Beyond the basic, single OS instance scheduling tools there are two major architectures that exist for Job Scheduling software.

Batch queuing for HPC clusters

An important niche for job schedulers is managing the job queue for a cluster of computers. Typically, the scheduler will schedule jobs from the queue as sufficient resources (cluster nodes) become idle. Some widely used cluster batch systems are

History

Job Scheduling has a long history. Job Schedulers have been one of the major components of IT infrastructure since the early mainframe systems. At first, stacks of punched cards were processed one after the other, hence the term "batch processing".

From a historical point of view, we can distinguish two main eras about Job Schedulers:

  1. The mainframe era
    • Job Control Language (JCL) on IBM mainframes. Initially based on JCL functionality to handle dependencies, this era is typified by the development of sophisticated scheduling solutions (such as Job_Entry_Subsystem_2/3) forming part of the systems management and automation toolset on the mainframe.
  2. The open systems era
    • Modern schedulers on a variety of architectures and operating systems. With standard scheduling tools limited to commands such as at and batch, the need for mainframe standard job schedulers has grown with the increased adoption of distributed computing environments.

In terms of the type of scheduling there are also distinct eras:

  1. Batch processing - the traditional date and time based execution of background tasks based on a defined period during which resources were available for batch processing (the batch window). In effect the original mainframe approach transposed onto the open systems environment.
  2. Event-driven process automation - where background processes cannot be simply run at a defined time, either because the nature of the business demands that workload is based on the occurrence of external events (such as the arrival of an order from a customer or a stock update from a store branch), or because there is no / insufficient batch window.
  3. Service Oriented job scheduling - recent developments in Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) have seen a move towards deploying job scheduling as a reusable IT infrastructure service that can play a role in the integration of existing business application workload with new Web Services based real-time applications.

Scheduling

Various schemes are used to decide which particular job to run. Parameters that might be considered include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Effect of Job Size Characteristics on Job Scheduling Performance
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