John Baird I (1798-1859)

John Baird I (1798-1859)
Portrait of John Baird I by James MacLehose

John Baird the First, a famous Glasgow architect of the 19th century, also called the name 'Primus'^[1] by Thomas Gildard (from the book An Old Glasgow Architect on some Older Ones) in order for people to be able distinguish him from a second John Baird (1816-93). A Scottish architect that has an extreme classical reserve for a style, implementing a lot of severity in it as well. He is a very influential figure in the development of Glasgow’s late Georgian and early Victorian Architecture. He was responsible for around 40 projects and was an architect who worked in the "background" compared to other Glasgow architects yet his projects were all carried out to a high standard.

Life and Work

John Baird was born in a village in Britain, called Dalmuir, and he was the son of Thomas Baird, a Wright (a popular figure of that time), and Agnes Baird, and he was the elder brother of another architect with the name of Anthony Baird (practised, 1834-5).

Early in his young years, at the age of 15, he started training as an architect with another relative of his named John Shepherd, of John Shepherd & Co., which as a firm that consistent of architects and property agents and was located at 636 Argyle Street. While he was an apprentice, the firm managed to complete the west terrace of Carlton Place for Peter Nicholson. In 1818, when he was at the age of 20 and barely out of his apprenticeship and after Shepherd’s death, he took over the business and quickly built up a good reputation that was only seconded by David Hamilton.

Baird's design style was similar to Greek and Roman architecture with slight modifications and it also leans slightly towards the Tudor and early British Renaissance architecture styles. After his design of the Greyfriars United Presbyterian Church on North Albion Street, it began his public career in 1822. He never participated in architectural competitions, calling them "a species of professional speculation - to use a mild epithet - which he consistently protested against to the last" and he still managed to progress his career significantly. Despite this, he was due to act as a judge on the necropolis competition with David Hamilton. John Baird designed a total of twelve churches, more than any other building type he has designed. These churches were fashionable to the time period, yet they were not quite of a Gothic style.

John Baird’s most important and worthwhile contribution to the city of Glasgow’s architecture was his spearheading use of the cast iron in his buildings’ constructions. The earlier use of the cast iron was for the roof trusses in the Argyll Arcade, in 28-32 Buchanan Street (1827).^[2]

Baird designed the lands of Claremont,^[3] the numerous houses and grounds that needed replaced. He worked with the design of Mr. George Smith from Edinburgh for the adjacent lands of South Woodside and this consequently increased the value of both of these properties. John Baird also designed Claremont House, which is now the centre of Claremont Terrace though it used to be a sole property. This house is an excellent example of Baird’s domestic design as it is a large and neatly arranged town house that has a frontage of 58 feet. 

Argyll Arcade from the outside in 2015

Later in 1828, Baird was appointed by an organisation called the Merchants' House to work together with David Hamilton^[4] in figuring out and devising the layout of the Necropolis which is Glasgow's finest cemetery, but unfortunately their plans were put aside and he was, not long after that, relegated as an advisor in approving George Milne as its designer eventually.

In 1836, Baird took on his first apprentice, Alexander Thomson, who then became his assistant until 1849 when he went into partnership with a second John Baird, who was Alexander's brother-in-law and not related to the first John Baird. He married his wife, Janet McKean from Bonhill, in 1837. And he had two daughters by the names of Flora, who was born in 1838 and Agnes who was born in 1841. He also had a younger brother named Anthony who also practised architecture, independently, until 1834/5 when he gave it up and took up accountancy. His only known work was mentioned by Gildard and it was a tenement in the west side of Warwick Street, beyond Norfolk Street, a plain design with cast iron balconies.

In 1940, Baird designed generous business premises for Sir James Campbell on Buchanan Street, known as the Prince's Buildings. Campbell then hired him to design his warehouse that sits on the corner of Ingram and Brunswick Streets and then the elevations were drawn up by the author of "Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland.", Mr Billings. He designed the simple Princes Square which has since been re-designed and upgraded.

One of Baird's largest architecture projects could have been his Jacobean design for the new University of Glasgow building that was to be built on Woodlands Hill which is right by Kelvingrove Park. However, the plans were abandoned after the land was bought to build Park Terrace and Circus. The design for this was shown at the International Exhibition of 1862. Later the University decided to move their College buildings to Gilmorehill and they used Baird for the design of the buildings.

Early in 1853 he was accounted for the design of the pink granite sarcophagus for James Ewing of Strathleven in the Necropolis, an truly eye capturing work of art, which featured four bronze relief panels by Mossman.^[5]

In Baird's later life his knowledge of different kinds of properties allowed him to also work as a property valuator and he was sought after for his advice by those in the property market, both selling and purchasing. He was known for his attention to detail and he was honest in his opinions which meant he had many clients in the property market eager for his service.

In his private life, John Baird I was a mason, Lodge Glasgow St John. His appearance and character is described by a portrait of him by Sir Daniel Macnee, which is now in Glasgow Art Gallery. It picturises Gildard's description of him as 'a large well-built man' who 'had a presence of one that ought to be in authority'. The portrait was reproduced in Memoirs and Portraits of One Hundred Glasgow Men by James MacLehose in 1886.

Architectural Work

The table below shows the majority of project's Baird has worked on. Some of these he worked as part of a team on and others were only minor additions.^[6]

Date Started	Name of Building	Location
1820	Greyfriars UP Church	Glasgow, Scotland
1823	St Thomas Wesleyan Methodist Church	Glasgow, Scotland
1825	UP Church, Wellington Street	Blythswood, Glasgow, Scotland
1826	Oakshaw Street UP Church	Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland
1828	Argyle Arcade	Glasgow, Scotland
1830	Layout of the lands of South Woodside and Clairmont	Woodlands Hill, Glasgow, Scotland
1831	Glasgow Necropolis	Dennistoun, Glasgow, Scotland
1831	Woodside Crescent	Woodlands Hill, Glasgow, Scotland
1833	Cambridge UP Church	Glasgow, Scotland
1833	Clober House	New Kilpatrick, Dunbartonshire, Scotland
1833	Highland Parish Church	Campbeltown, Argyll, Scotland
1833	Terraced houses, Athol Place, Bath Street	Glasgow, Scotland
1833	West of Scotland Agricultural College	Glasgow, Scotland
1834	Union Church	Greenock, Scotland
1835	Bonhill Parish Church	Bonhill, Scotland
1835	Woodside Terrace	Glasgow, Scotland
1837	Caledonia Place	Glasgow. Scotland
1838	Woodside Place	Glasgow, Scotland
1838	Anderston UP Church	Glasgow, Scotland
1839	George Square Congregational Church	Greenock, Scotland
1839	Park of Drumquhassle	Drymen, Scotland
1840	169 Elderslie Street	Glasgow, Scotland
1840	2-4 Clifton Street	Glasgow, Street
1840	National Bank of Scotland, Airdrie Branch	Airdrie, Scotland
1840	Somerset Place	Glasgow, Scotland
1840	Erskine UP Church	Glasgow, Scotland
1840	Viewpark House	Uddingston, Scotland
1841	Cairnhill House	Airdrie, Scotland
1841	Congregational Church, Dunfermline	Dunfermline, Scotland
1841	National Bank of Scotland, Glasgow Branch	Glasgow, Scotland
1842	Claremont House	Glasgow, Scotland
1842	Claremont Terrace an Beresford House	Woodlands, Scotland
1844	Stonebyres House	Lesmahagow, Scotland
1845	Lynedoch Place and Lynedoch Crescent	Glasgow, Scotland
1847	University of Glasgow (proposed new college)	Woodlands, Scotland
1847	Wellington Street UP Church, mural monument to John Mitchell	Glasgow, Scotland
1849	1-17 Woodlands Terrace	Woodlands, Scotland
1850	UP Church, Shamrock Street	Glasgow, Scotland
1851	64 Buchanan Street	Glasgow, Scotland
1851	Macdonald's Muslin Warehouse	Glasgow, Scotland
1851	Premises of Messrs Wilson, Kay & Co	Glasgow, Scotland
1852	House in St Vincent Street	Glasgow, Scotland
1853	James Ewing Monument	Glasgow, Scotland
1853	Church School	Campbeltown, Scotland
1854	Houses in Hope Street and West George Street	Glasgow, Scotland
1854	Prince of Wales' Buildings	Glasgow, Scotland
1854	Sir James Campbell's Warehouse	Glasgow, Scotland
1854	Tobacco Warehouse, James Watt Street	Glasgow, Scotland
1855	Carbeth Guthrie House	Stirlingshire, Scotland
1855	Gardner's Warehouse	Glasgow, Scotland
1855	Urie House	Fetteresso, Scotland
1856	Smith and Sons' Warehouse	Glasgow, Scotland
1858	Birkwood House	Lesmahagow, Scotland
1858	Crown Circus	Glasgow, Scotland
1859	Commercial Building on 138-140 West George Street	Glasgow, Scotland
1859	Gartsherrie Offices	Glasgow, Scotland

Death

Baird died peacefully at home in Westfield, Partick on the 18th of December 1859 and was buried in Glasgow Necropolis. From 1855 he had suffered from a chronic brain disease which then resulted in his death four years later. Some time before his death he took on a partner, James Thomson^[7] to help him carry out his business until the illness took over. James carried on the business as Baird & Thomson with his sons and his successors until the 1940s. Most of the work during his sickness period is thought to be that of James Thomson. His wife outlived him and died on 24 April 1887.

References

1. "Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (November 25, 2015, 2:02 pm)". www.scottisharchitects.org.uk. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
2. Curl, James Stevens (2006). A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. Oxford,Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860678-9.
3. "John Baird - Information on John Baird from Gazetteer for Scotland.". www.scottish-places.info. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
4. "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography - Baird, John".
5. "Glasgow - City of Sculpture by Gary Nisbet (January 2002)".
6. "Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (November 25, 2015, 2:35 pm)". www.scottisharchitects.org.uk. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
7. "John Baird". www.glasgowwestaddress.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-11-25.

External links

1. "Buildings and Cityscape" by Charles McKean
2. University of Glasgow
3. "The Victorian Walk" by New Glasgow Society
4. Commercial Glasgow