John Mitchell, Jr.

For other people named John Mitchell, see John Mitchell (disambiguation).
John Mitchell, Jr
Born (1863-07-11)July 11, 1863
Richmond, Virginia, U.S.
Died December 3, 1929(1929-12-03) (aged 66)
Richmond, Virginia, U.S.
Occupation journalist, politician
Political party Republican
Religion Baptist

John Mitchell, Jr. (July 11, 1863 – December 3, 1929) was an American businessman, newspaper editor, African American civil rights activist, and politician in Richmond, Virginia, particularly in Richmond's Jackson Ward, which became known as the “Black Wall Street of America.” An African American, as editor of the Richmond Planet, he frequently published articles in favor of racial equality. In 1904, he organized a black boycott of the city's segregated trolley system.

He founded and served as president of the Mechanics Savings Bank in the city. He served as a city alderman for two terms, and was active in fraternal and professional organizations. He ran unsuccessfully as a Republican Party candidate for governor in 1921.

Early life and education

John Mitchell, Jr. was born a slave in Richmond, Virginia in 1863, shortly before the end of the American Civil War and of slavery.[1] His mother taught him to read and later he worked as a newsboy while attending school. He then became a carriage boy for James Lyons, a aristocratic lawyer. Lyon's opposed Mitchell's education, but Mitchell's mother persisted, and Mitchell attended the school taught by Rev. A. Binga, Jr. In 1876, he entered the Richmond Normal High School, and in 1877 he received a silver medal for being first in his class. In May 1878 he joined the first Baptist Church, and he would be an active member of the church throughout his life, even at one time serving as chairman of the executive board of the Virginia Baptist State Sunday school convention. In 1881, he would create a map to show to his classmates and teacher which attracted the attention to minister to Austria A. M. Riley, who gave him another medal for his efforts. He won yet another medal in an oration contest, and he continued drawing maps. His maps eventually secured him an apprenticeship in the Bureau of Engraving and Printing in Washington, D.C. at the recommendation of John Wesley Cromwell. He started his apprenticeship with encouragement and support from a number of prominent figures, including Blanche Bruce, John A. Logan, and Frederick Douglass.[2]

Career

In 1883 and 1884 he served as Richmond correspondent of the New York Freeman. On December 5, 1884, at the age of 21, Mitchell joined the Richmond Planet, a newly founded African-American newspaper, and was made an editor.[2] He had been a teacher in the local schools. "It was under his tenure that the Planet gained its well-deserved reputation as a proponent of racial equality and of rights for the African-American community."[3]

Mitchell reported fearlessly and campaigned against racist lynching, which increased in the late nineteenth century as whites worked to re-establish white supremacy and Jim Crow after the end of the Reconstruction era. Like Ida B. Wells, he reported lynchings and was sometimes endangered. Mitchell's condemnation of the lynching of Richard Walker in Charlotte County, Virginia resulted in his receiving death threats:[2]

"Mitchell himself was threatened with hanging at the hands of a Charlotte County mob angered by his reporting of the lynching, there, of Richard Walker in May 1886. Mitchell was sent a rope with a note attached warning him that he would be lynched himself if he ever set foot in the county. In reply, and borrowing a line from Shakespeare, Mitchell had this to say : “There are no terrors, Cassius, in your threats, for I am so strong in honesty that they pass by me like the idle wind, which I respect not.” Then, armed with two Smith & Wesson pistols, he boarded a train for Smithville and undeterred, walked the five miles from the station to the site of the hanging." [Maurice Duke and Daniel P. Jordan, eds., A Richmond Reader: 1733-1983, (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1983), pp. 327-328][4]

Another early case Mitchell reported was the murder of a black man named Banks by a white officer named Priddy. Mitchell declared the officer guilty of murder and was summoned to the grand jury. He was indited for making such a charge, but the case was dropped. He sought to have the body exhumed and examined, as he had heard a report that Banks was beaten to death. When he went to the mortuary where the body was at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, he was locked in the mortuary and had to escape and hurry back to Richmond to make an appointment in the courts the next morning. The officer was not convicted or punished.[2]

Solomon Marable's body was found packed into a barrel of salt for preservation.
Rev J. H. Holmes pleads for body of Solomon Marable.

In 1896, together with local clergy including James H. Holmes, Mitchell appealed on the behalf of the widow of Solomon Marable for the return of his body after his execution and partial dissection by students at the Medical College of Virginia.[5] The body had been legally seized by the College's janitor, Chris Baker. Mitchell investigated the case for the Richmond Planet and included grisly sketches by Mitchell of the events on its pages.[6]

Mitchell was gregarious and active; he became a leader of the Knights of Pythias, an African-American fraternal organization, both locally and on the state level, where he led it into the 1920s.[3] He was also president of the National Afro-American Press Association.[3] Mitchell was the founder and president of the Mechanics Savings Bank in Richmond.[7] It was part of the rise of black-owned businesses in the city.

In 1904, Richmond passed a new law to enforce segregated seating areas on its trolleys. In protest, Mitchell helped organize mass meetings and a boycott by blacks of the system. As Mitchell gleefully covered in his article: "Street Car Trap", on the first day of the new system, only whites were arrested for refusing to change their seats; some could not be bothered to observe the new rules or had not realized the change was happening.[8] The electric trolley system had been created in 1888. Suffering the loss of black business, but refusing to give up its Jim Crow policy, the trolley company went into receivership.[9]

Politics

In 1892 and 1894, Mitchell was elected to a seat as a Richmond city alderman from Jackson Ward.[3] It was another facet of his widespread connections in the community.

In a more ambitious move, in 1921 Mitchell ran for governor, on what was called a "Lily Black" Republican Party ticket (this was an all African-American offshoot). His campaign was considered controversial and opposed by some Black newspapers, such as the Journal and Guide of Norfolk; editors believed his run would split the Black vote and cost them influence with the Democratic Party candidate who won the office.[3] Mitchell did not win.

He died at his desk in December 1929.[3] He is buried at Evergreen Cemetery in Richmond, VA. The grave at Evergreen Cemetery is marked, and reads: "EDITOR, BANKER, ALDERMAN AND PIONEER OF CIVIL RIGHTS A MAN WHO WOULD WALK INTO THE JAWS OF DEATH TO SERVE HIS RACE" The marker goes on to quote Isaiah: "Behold I have given him for a witness to the people a leader and commander to the people." Isaiah 55:4

Legacy and honors

See also

References

  1. ↑ Born in the Wake of Freedom: John Mitchell, Jr., Virginia Newspaper Project, Library of Virginia, 1996, accessed 5 February 2013
  2. 1 2 3 4 Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. GM Rewell & Company, 1887. p314-320
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "John Mitchell, Jr., and the 'Richmond Planet'", Born in the Wake of Freedom: John Mitchell, Jr.], Virginia Newspaper Project, Library of Virginia, 1996, Library of Virginia, accessed 5 February 2013
  4. ↑ Cited at "Lynch Law Must Go!", Born in the Wake of Freedom: John Mitchell, Jr., Library of Virginia
  5. ↑ Man and Barrel, Richmond Planet (Richmond, Virginia) August 1, 1896, page 1, accessed November 16, 2016 at https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7474861/httpswwwnewspaperscomclip7474762/
  6. ↑ Brooks, Vince. Chris Baker: "Cheerful Among Corpses", Out of the Box, Notes from the Archives @ the Library of Virginia, October 27, 2010, accesed November 16, 2016 at http://www.virginiamemory.com/blogs/out_of_the_box/2010/10/27/chris-baker-cheerful-among-corpses/
  7. ↑ "Mechanics Savings Bank" (with image of Mitchell), Born in the Wake of Freedom: John Mitchell, Jr., Library of Virginia
  8. ↑ "Street Car Trap", Born in the Wake of Freedom: John Mitchell, Jr., 1996, Library of Virginia
  9. ↑ Harry Kollatz, Jr., "Richmond's Moving First", Richmond Magazine, May 2004

External links

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