Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System
The Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System (JPATS), nicknamed "Con Air",[1] is an agency of the federal government of the United States charged with the transportation of persons in legal custody between prisons, detention centers, courthouses, and other locations. It is the largest prison transport network in the world.[2] Though primarily used by the Federal Bureau of Prisons or U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, JPATS also assists military and state law enforcement.
The agency is managed by the United States Marshals Service out of the JPATS headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri.[2] JPATS was formed in 1995 from the merger of the Marshals Service air fleet with that of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. JPATS completes over 350,000 prisoner/alien movements per year.[3] Air fleet operations are located in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, with hubs in Anchorage, Alaska; Mesa, Arizona; Alexandria, Louisiana; and the Virgin Islands. Additionally, the Federal Transfer Center at Oklahoma City's Will Rogers World Airport was built especially to facilitate prisoner transport on JPATS.
Usually, the airline employs Boeing 737 aircraft to transport convicts and illegal residents of the United States for extradition. Smaller jets and turboprops are also used to transport individual prisoners who are considered particularly dangerous.
According to the Boeing Jetliner Databook, JPATS operates three Boeing 737s. JPATS also operates an additional four McDonnell Douglas MD-80 aircraft, as well as two Boeing 737-400s.[4]
JPATS aircraft use the ICAO designator DOJ with the callsign JUSTICE.
Immediately after the September 11, 2001 attacks, when the Federal Aviation Administration grounded all civilian air service, JPATS was the only civilian passenger-carrying air service allowed to continue flying in U.S. airspace.
History and evolution
Prior to the existence of JPATS, the transport of federal inmates over long distances was complicated. The process required an escort by two U.S. Marshals, accompanying the inmate on a regular passenger airplane. This posed numerous problems, including danger to civilians, a backlog of marshals needed to perform such escorts, and a high taxpayer expense.
In the early 1970s, the U.S. Marshals were offered a transfer from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of a Boeing 727 aircraft. Though no purpose was originally designated for this plane, one official had the idea of using it for the mass transportation of federal inmates. JPATS' predecessor was the National Prisoner Transportation System of the U.S. Marshals Service.[5]
The airline ultimately improved the efficiency of inmate transportation and made the sight of a shackled commercial airline passenger largely a thing of the past. For a plane full of 200 inmates, only 12 marshals are required. Marshals are trained with aircraft emergency procedures very similar to those flight attendants learn to protect the aircraft's occupants.
Today
Today's JPATS fleet has expanded to ten full-sized aircraft.[2] These planes fly a large series of routes that serve nearly every major U.S. city.[3]
The flight schedules are kept secret from the public, and are known only to those directly involved in its operation. Inmates scheduled to fly are given little or no advance notice of their flight, to deter escapes and sabotage, and to prevent harm from outsiders.
Passengers aboard a flight are restrained with handcuffs as well as ankle and waist chains which are double- or even triple-locked. Those who pose additional danger may be given additional restraints, such as reinforced mittens that completely isolate and almost completely immobilize the hands and face masks to prevent biting and spitting. However, due to FAA regulations inmates are not physically restrained to their seats in any way except for seat belts used during takeoff and landing.
Flight and seating arrangements are made carefully with the intent to separate inmates who may conflict with one another. Members of rival prison gangs may be transported on different days to help reduce the risk of an in-flight incident.
Unlike the practice of most jails, male and female inmates fly together on the same planes.[6]
Pop culture references
- Con Air (1997) starring Nicolas Cage was based on the operations on this agency. The name of the film is a reference to the agency's nickname Con Air. The movie portrayed the interior of the plane (a C-123 Provider, which JPATS does not operate) as a much steelier, more prison-like environment than a typical JPATS 727, which in reality looks much like any other airliner. The storyline of the film covers this by saying that the prisoners on this flight are 'the worst of the worst' including several serial killers and mass murderers.
- U.S. Marshals (1998) depicted the story of a JPATS flight that crashed during flight and the manhunt for a prisoner who escapes following the crash.
- An episode of the cartoon Freakazoid! takes place on a plane spoofing this airline called "Prison Air."
- The Unusuals (television show) episode "The Dentist" (2009), Det. Eddie Alvarez asks suspended and suspected felon U.S. Marshal Ben Foster if he will be transporting a prisoner via "JPATS". Marshal Foster appears confused until Det. Alvarez explains that it is the "Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System". Marshal Foster then confirms the prisoner will be transported via JPATS, however he is really breaking the prisoner out of custody after robbing the police precinct of valuable evidence against a dentist.[7]
- Orange Is the New Black (television show) episode "Thirsty Bird" (2014), prisoner Piper Chapman is transported on a JPATS plane for a transfer from Litchfield prison in New York to a Chicago detention facility. US Marshals are shown doing prisoner pat-downs before boarding and then staffing the flight. Prisoners are shown boarding the flight from various locations, including both male and female.
References
- ↑ "Con Air: America's High-Flying Paddy Wagon". Usmarshals.gov. 2004-06-03. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
- 1 2 3 Graves, Lucas (June 2010), "Relocating Prisoners", Wired, 18 (6): 148–149
- 1 2 http://www.usmarshals.gov/jpats/
- ↑ http://www.planespotters.net/Airline/Justice-Prisoner-and-Alien-Transportation-System
- ↑ "U.S. Marshals Service, History, National Prisoner Transportation System". Usmarshals.gov. 1985-08-20. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
- ↑ Kerman, Piper (2010). Orange is the New Black, My Time in a Women's Prison (2013 ed.). London: Abacus. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-3491-3987-6.
- ↑ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1422565/
- Increasing the local use of the US Marshals Service Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System (JPATS)/Ingo Remo Johnson (Author), Publisher: Western Baptist College, January 1, 1994, ASIN: B0006RI4HS / http://www.amazon.co.uk/Increasing-Marshalls-Service-Prisoner-Transportation/dp/B0006RI4HS