Jacobite succession
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The Jacobite succession is the line through which the crown in pretence of England and Scotland and Ireland (France also claimed) has descended since the flight of James II & VII from London at the time of the "Glorious Revolution". James and his Jacobite successors were traditionally toasted as "The King over the Water".
House of Stuart
The Stuarts who claimed the thrones of England, Scotland, Ireland and France after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 were, with the dates of their claim:
| Descendant and Dates of Claim | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| James II & VII 11 December 1688 (England & Ireland) / 14 March 1689 (Scotland) – 16 September 1701[1] |  | 14 October 1633 St. James's Palace son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France[1] | Lady Anne Hyde (at that time plain Anne Hyde) 3 September 1660 8 children Princess Mary of Modena |
16 September 1701 Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye aged 67[1] |
| James Francis Edward Stuart ("James III & VIII") ("The Old Pretender") 16 September 1701– 1 January 1766 |  | 10 June 1688[2] St. James's Palace son of James II of England, Ireland & VII of Scotland and Mary of Modena | Princess Clementina Sobieski 3 September 1719 2 children | 1 January 1766 Palazzo Muti aged 77 |
| Charles Edward Stuart ("Charles III") ("The Young Pretender") ("Bonnie Prince Charlie") 1 January 1766– 31 January 1788 |  | 31 December 1720[3] Palazzo Muti son of James Francis Edward Stuart and Clementina Sobieski | Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern 28 March 1772 no children (2 illegitimate children) | 31 January 1788 Palazzo Muti aged 67 |
| Henry Benedict Stuart ("Henry IX & I") ("Cardinal Duke of York") 31 January 1788– 13 July 1807 |  | 11 March 1725[4] Rome son of James Francis Edward Stuart and Clementina Sobieski | Cardinal. Never married. | 13 July 1807 Frascati aged 82 |
Upon Henry's death, the succession passed to a different house, and none of the Jacobite heirs since has actually claimed the thrones of England and Scotland or incorporated the arms of England and Scotland in their coats-of-arms.
House of Savoy
Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia was a descendant of Charles I through his youngest daughter Henrietta Anne. Her daughter Anne Marie of Orléans married Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, and Charles Emmanuel IV was great-grandson of Queen Anne Marie in the male line.
| Descendent and Dates of Claim | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia ("Charles IV") 13 July 1807– 6 October 1819 |  | 24 May 1751 Turin son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Bourbon | Princess Marie Clotilde of France 1775 No children | 6 October 1819 Rome aged 68 |
| Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia ("Victor") 6 October 1819– 10 January 1824 |  | 24 July 1759 Turin son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Bourbon | Archduchess Maria Teresa of Austria-Este 21 April 1789 7 children | 10 January 1824 Moncalieri aged 65 |
| Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy ("Mary III")[5] 10 January 1824– 15 September 1840 |  | 6 December 1792 daughter of Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia and Maria Teresa of Austria-Este | Francis IV, Duke of Modena 20 June 1812 4 children | 15 September 1840 aged 48 |
House of Austria-Este
| Descendent and Dates of Claim | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Francis V, Duke of Modena ("Francis I") 15 September 1840– 20 November 1875 |  | 1 June 1819 Modena son of Maria Beatrice of Savoy and Francis IV, Duke of Modena | Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria 30 March 1842 1 child | 20 November 1875 Vienna aged 56 |
| Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este ("Mary IV")[5] 20 November 1875– 3 February 1919 |  | 2 July 1849 Brno daughter of Ferdinand of Austria-Este[6] and Elisabeth of Austria | Ludwig III of Bavaria 13 children | 3 February 1919 Chiemgau aged 69 |
House of Wittelsbach
| Descendent and Dates of Claim | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria ("Robert I & IV") 3 February 1919– 2 August 1955 |  | 18 May 1869 Munich son of Maria Theresa of Austria-Este and Ludwig III of Bavaria | Duchess Marie Gabrielle in Bavaria 10 July 1900 Munich 4 children Princess Antonia of Luxembourg 7 April 1921 Lenggries 6 children | 2 August 1955 Schloß Leutstetten aged 86 |
| Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria ("Albert") 2 August 1955– 8 July 1996 |  | 3 May 1905 Munich son of Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria and Marie Gabrielle of Bavaria | Countess Maria Draskovich of Trakostjan 1930 4 children Countess Marie-Jenke Keglevich of Buzin 1971 No children | 8 July 1996 Castle Berg aged 91 |
| Franz, Duke of Bavaria ("Francis II") 8 July 1996– present |  | 14 July 1933 Munich son of Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria and Countess Maria Draskovich of Trakostjan | not married |
Future succession after the Duke of Bavaria
The heir presumptive of Franz, Duke of Bavaria, is his younger brother
- Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria; then his daughter
- Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein; and then her eldest son
- Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein, born 24 May 1995 in London – the first heir in the Jacobite line born in the British Isles since James III and VIII, The Old Pretender, in 1688.
- Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein; and then her eldest son
Family tree
This is a family tree of the Jacobite lineage. The boldface names are successors, and the italic names are in line of succession.
Alternative successions
While Franz of Bavaria is recognized by Jacobites as the Stuart heir, in his book The Highland Clans, Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk claimed that Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom "is the lawful Jacobite sovereign of this realm". Moncreiffe made the following argument:
... by the fourteenth century it had become common law (in both England and Scotland) that a person who was not born in the liegeance of the Sovereign, nor naturalised, could not have the capacity to succeed as an heir .... In Scotland, this law was modified in favour of the French from the sixteenth century, but was otherwise rigorously applied until the Whig Revolution of 1688, after which it was gradually done away with by the mid-nineteenth century. It was precisely because of this law that Queen Anne found it necessary to pass a special Act of Parliament naturalising all alien-born potential royal heirs under her Act of Settlement of the throne. But, of course, from the Jacobite point of view, no new statute could be passed after 1688 .... The nearest lawful heir of the Cardinal York in 1807 was, in fact, curiously enough, King George III himself, who had been born in England (and therefore in the technical liegance of James VIII).
Under Moncreiffe's theory, however, James VI of Scotland could never have succeeded as James I of England in 1603. This problem, recognized in 1603, had been circumvented at the time of James's accession by the ahistorical assertion that Scotland and England had been "anciently but one" kingdom, and that the succession of the Scottish monarch to the throne of England was a "reuniting" of two parts of a single kingdom, i.e., that Scotland was not really a foreign country – a concept emphasized by James's insistence on the use of the name Great Britain for the united realms of England and Scotland.
It was not common law but a 15th-century statute that restricted the English crown to those in the liegeance of the Sovereign, and that statute was supplanted by the Acts of Succession passed in Henry VIII's reign. Additionally, Jacobites believe that the royal succession is determined by God and by hereditary right, not by Parliament. For instance, most Jacobites recognise Mary, Queen of Scots as having been the rightful Queen of England – a clear violation of the aforementioned law, which in their view is overridden by Mary's hereditary rights (as granddaughter of Margaret Tudor), and the illegitimacy[7] of Elizabeth I.[8][9][10]
Royal family tree
See also
- History of the Jacobite line of succession
- Alternative successions of the English crown
- Jacobite consorts
References
- 1 2 3 4 "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10136". Retrieved 2007-10-25.
- ↑ "Stuart, James Francis Edward, Duke of Cornwall". Directory of Royal Genealogical Data: University of Hull. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
- ↑ "Stuart, Charles Edward Louis Casimer, Prince of Wales". Directory of Royal Genealogical Data: University of Hull. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
- ↑ "Stuart, Henry Benedict Thomas Maria, Duke of York". Directory of Royal Genealogical Data: University of Hull. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
- 1 2 Mary III & II and Mary IV & III were numbered in such a way because some Jacobites regard Elizabeth I of England as illegitimate, and therefore consider Mary, Queen of Scots, to have been the rightful Queen Mary II of England from the death of Mary I
- ↑ Ferdinand was the second son of Francis IV
- ↑ Hibbert, Christopher (1992). The virgin queen: Elizabeth I, genius of the Golden Age. DaCapo Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-201-60817-5.
- ↑ Tudor Monarchs – Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources. Englishhistory.net. Retrieved on 2012-07-15.
- ↑ http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0.9171,937040,00.html. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Jenkins, Elizabeth (2000). Elizabeth the Great. Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-1-84212-162-7.