Knockout game

This article is about the form of assault. For other uses, see Knockout game (disambiguation).

The "knockout game" is one of the names given in the United States by news media and others to assaults in which one person (with others acting as accomplices or lookouts) attempt to "knock out", with a single sucker punch, an unsuspecting victim. Other names given to assaults of this type include "knockout", "knockout king", "point 'em out, knock 'em out", "bomb",[1][2] and "polar-bearing" or "polar-bear hunting" (allegedly called such when the victim is white).[3][4][5]

Serious injuries and even deaths have been attributed to the "knockout game". Some news sources report that there was an escalation of such attacks in late 2013, and, in some cases, the attacker was charged with a hate crime. Some politicians have been seeking legislation against it.[3][6][7] Other media analysts have cast doubt on the reportedly widespread nature of the game and have labeled the trend, although not the attacks themselves, a myth.[8][9][10][11] Liberal analysts claim that conservatives falsely promote a view that the "knockout game" trend is real, which liberals claim has not been empirically established.[12][13] Conservative analysts claim that the liberal media refuses to report this trend for political reasons, i.e. due to the game's racial implications.[14][15][16]

History of attacks

1992–2009

In September 1992, Norwegian exchange student Yngve Raustein was killed by three teenagers who—according to Cambridge, Massachusetts, prosecutors—were playing a game called "knockout." Local teens said that the object is to render an unsuspecting target unconscious with a single punch, and, if the assailant does not succeed, his companions will turn on him instead.[17]

In 2005 in the United Kingdom, BBC News reported on the happy slapping incidents, in which the attacks were filmed for the purpose of posting online.[18] The French government responded to this trend by making it illegal to film any acts of violence and post them online, with a spokesperson for then President Nicolas Sarkozy saying that the law was indeed directed at "happy slapping."[19]

Three teens were arrested in Decatur, Illinois, in September 2009, and charged in the killing of a bicyclist, 61, who was stomped to death, and the attempted murder of another man, 46, who was also attacked and stomped. It was claimed that the teens were playing "point 'em out, knock 'em out," where a person is selected and a group of attackers attempts to render the victim unconscious.[20][21]

In June 2009, a 29-year-old man was beaten in a Columbia, Missouri, parking garage by a group of teens who told police that they were playing a game called "knockout king," where they would find an unsuspecting person and attempt to knock him out with a single punch.[22]

2011–2013

In April 2011, Hoang Nguyen, 72, died in St. Louis, Missouri, after he was attacked in what was described by a local CBS station as "part of the so-called knockout game". Nguyen's wife, Yen, 62, was injured. After the trial, the assailant, Elex Murphy, a teenager who was 18 at the time of the assault, was sentenced to life in prison plus 25 years.[22][23][24][25]

In July 2012, 62-year-old Delfino Mora was attacked by three teens and killed in West Rogers Park, Chicago. Anthony Malcolm, who recorded the attack on his cell phone and publicized it, was sentenced to 30 years in prison. Two other teens were awaiting trial in September 2013. The attack was said to be part of a game called "pick 'em out, knock 'em out."[21][26]

In 2013, a series of these attacks resulted in the deaths of the victims, all with some sort of game as a precipitating factor. Michael Daniels, 51, of Syracuse, New York died a day after being attacked in May 2013, with the "knockout game" later mentioned in regard to his death.[27][28]

In Greater Manchester, England, Eden Lomax, 17, killed 43-year-old Simon Mitchell in an attack that he referred to as a "bomb". During the investigation, it was discovered that Lomax had performed other non-fatal "bomb" attacks in the days leading up to Mitchell's death.[1][2]

Ralph Santiago, a disabled homeless resident of Hoboken, New Jersey, was found dead after being attacked by three boys whose assault was linked to the "knockout" game.[29][30]

Yale Daily News reported seven attacks during November 2013 in New Haven, Connecticut that could be associated with the knockout game. Yale University's chief of police wrote an email to the campus community pertaining to the issue on November 21.[31]

In the United States, The New York Times noted "a growing log of reports of such crimes in the Northeast and beyond".[10] A number of news stories in late November 2013 covered incidents in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, where a series of attacks took place during October and November of that year.[6][7][32][33][34] As a result, the NYPD responded by stepping up patrols in certain neighborhoods.[35]

On November 24, 2013, in Katy, Texas, an 81-year-old African-American man was attacked and hospitalized. Two weeks later, Conrad Alvin Barrett, 29, was arrested after allegedly showing an off-duty police officer a video he recorded with his cell phone of himself perpetrating the attack and explicitly referencing "knockout". Investigators revealed that there were other videos on his phone in which he used racial epithets and another in which he wondered if he would receive media attention if he were to commit a "knockout game" attack on a black man. This was one of the first cases where an African American was "knocked out". The Justice Department subsequently charged Barrett with a hate crime, the only time the DOJ involved itself in prosecuting these attacks. Barrett's attorney claimed his client suffers from bipolar disorder and was not on medication at the time of the attack.[36][37][38][39][40][41] In October 2015, Barrett was sentenced to 71 months (5 years and 11 months) in federal incarceration. He still faces charges in state court.[42]

2013–2016

In November 2013 a teen, attempting to play the "knockout game", gets shot and arrested.[43]

On July 27, 2016 in Milan, Italian police arrested a young Spaniard on holiday in Italy, after he made repeatedly assaults on passersby, similar to this "game".[44] On that same date, in Greenville, South Carolina a man was attacked while playing Pokemon GO.[45]

In December 2015 a man in New York was reported assaulted by a teen playing the "knockout game". The perpetrator turned himself in two months later.[46]

On August 29, 2016 a 30-year-old Guatemalan, Mardoquo Sincal Jochola, was fatally assaulted in Philadelphia and is alleged to have been a victim of the "knockout game".[47]

Racial components

Race

In the coverage of the attacks in 2013 some political commentators have focused on racial factors, alleging that the crimes are being committed primarily by African-American youth and criticizing the media for ignoring the alleged racial nature of these attacks.[14] Bill O'Reilly of the Fox News Channel described the "knockout" attacks as "another example of young black Americans committing senseless crimes" and expressed disappointment at the lack of media attention on the matter.[15] In response to several reported black-on-white attacks in 2013, Al Sharpton released a piece called Knockout Games—The Biggest Form of Cowardice,[48] which condemned the attacks. Sharpton noted the black community would not be silent if they were the victims.[49]

Antisemitism

Several attacks on Jewish victims in Brooklyn in 2013 have been called antisemitic hate crimes.[3][4][5][50] ABC Nightline reported that New York City police believed that antisemitism was likely to be a motive in the attacks, as all eight victims were identified as Jewish.[51]

Jewish community leaders in Brooklyn have spoken out on the subject,[33][52] and the Anti-Defamation League regional office issued a public statement on knockout attacks "targeting Jewish individuals in Brooklyn".[53] Amrit Marajh, a 28-year-old suspect in an attack that took place in Brooklyn, was charged with a hate crime as his victim was Jewish.[3][7][54] Marajh has claimed innocence and denied the claims of antisemitism.[55]

On December 3, newly elected African-American Democratic New York City councilwoman Laurie Cumbo added a letter to her Facebook page saying: "The accomplishments of the Jewish community triggers feelings of resentment, and a sense that Jewish success is not also their success." The Anti-Defamation League said her post was "troubling" and that it evoked "classic anti-Semitic stereotypes."[56] Cumbo later issued an apology for the remarks.[57][58] Cumbo added that the lives of victims and suspects will never be the same and that attackers would be "prosecuted to the full extent of the law".[59] NYPD Commissioner Raymond Kelly later stated that he was avoiding referring to the attacks as part of any sort of trend to avoid further copycat attacks and has instead been labeling them as hate crimes.[60]

Response

New York

On November 21, 2013[61] Republican New York State assemblyman Jim Tedisco put forward legislation called the "Knockout Assault Deterrent Act"[62] to charge juvenile offenders in these type of attacks as adults, and would also punish those who were found recording the attacks.[61][63] New York State Senator Hugh Farley (also a Republican) supports legislation that would make assailants linked to the knockout game liable to harsher sentences, would try juvenile offenders as adults, and would make accomplices criminally responsible.[63][64] Democratic assemblyman John McDonald, while admitting stiffer penalties were warranted claimed Tedisco's bill was unnecessary.[64]

Wisconsin

In Wisconsin, Republican State Assemblyman Dean Kaufert said he was considering drafting a bill to deter attacks.[65]

Communities

After incidents during late 2013 in Brooklyn in which Jews were victims of knockout attacks, Jewish leaders, councilmembers, and organization representatives spoke against the attacks.[33][59][66]

Leaders from the African-American community also made statements. New York City councilman Charles Barron stated that the root of the problem was a need for jobs to keep young people out of trouble; he also suggested additional funding for community patrols to act as lookouts.[67] Representative Hakeem Jeffries said at a Crown Heights Youth Collective conference that attacks based on race will not be tolerated and that the collective will do everything in its power to see that justice is done.[59] Brooklyn's then-District Attorney-elect Kenneth P. Thompson called out the attacks, saying that "there is no status to be gained" for knocking out an unsuspecting victim and that such violence will not be tolerated. Brooklyn Borough President-elect Eric Adams affirmed Thompson's statement, saying that, if you "play this game, . . . you will lose".[59]

Other notable New York City community members who have spoken against the attacks include Reverend Al Sharpton[49] and Dov Hikind.[68] Al Sharpton, Russell Simmons, Foundation for Ethnic Understanding founder Rabbi Marc Schneier, former NYC mayor David Dinkins and former New Orleans mayor and current National Urban League president Marc Morial released a video in December 2013 saying "No to K.O."[69] Retired Brooklyn-born boxer Mike Tyson has also spoken against the attacks on The Piers Morgan Show.[70]

Criticism of reporting

The existence of a growing trend of knockout attacks has been questioned; claims about the prevalence of the phenomenon have been called an "urban myth" and a "type of panic" by some political analysts.[10]

A June 2011 investigative report by John Tucker of the Riverfront Times following the death of Hoang Nguyen in 2011 saw many related attacks, all attributed to the "Knockout King" game. St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department Chief Daniel Isom stated that a year prior the police determined that the knockout game was played by a group of children who went around trying to knock random people unconscious. The police estimated the activity was not widespread and limited to five or nine teens.

In Tucker's interviews with local teens, they believed the number to be much higher; one 18-year-old estimated 10-15% of his peers played the game. A St. Louis area barber said that in his youth the phenomenon was not called "Knockout King" but "One Hitter Quitter". Mike Males of the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice claimed that the media has been cherry-picking related attacks for sensationalism, asserting that "This knockout-game legend is a fake trend." Police at the time believed such attacks might have been under-reported by immigrant victims in communities where relations with law enforcement had been tense.[71]

An attack from 2012 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was tentatively linked to more recent attacks, although it was never identified as part of any "game".[63] Police in Syracuse, New York, reported that one assailant in a fatal attack admitted to its being "knockout", with a police sergeant noting that the assaults he was investigating were definitely "for a game" rather than being attempted murders or robberies.[10] On November 23, 2013, The New York Times reported that police officials in New York City were considering their position on the "game" and were wondering if they should advise the public, but had to contend with the uncertain existence of the game.[10] Police in New York City questioned whether they were faced with a trend or a series of isolated incidents.[63] Then-New York Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly refused to refer to the attacks in Brooklyn as the "knockout game" to avoid possible copycat attacks.[60]

Several assaults associated with the knockout game do not follow any particular pattern; in several instances, a single assailant attempted a one-punch attack while in others multiple assailants participated in a gang attack. The "Knockout King" death of Nguyen in St. Louis was such a gang attack. Additionally, an alleged trend in Lansing, Michigan called "point 'em out, knock 'em out" involved the use of a Taser.[60]

Many officials have outright refused to refer to the assaults as a "game", with Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter explicitly stating he did not want to give the idea any credibility while at a press conference after an attack at a Philadelphia pizzeria where the suspects never mentioned the game.[60] In a CNN interview with Don Lemon, Nutter stated he was not sure if the knockout game is real or not, adding he less concerned about the name but saying the incidents are of "great concern" and could spark copycat behavior. Nutter would not answer if the attacks were racially motivated and stated that Philadelphia has no confirmed "game" incidents.[72] Earlier, Philadelphia Police spokeswoman Tanya Little determined a November 11 attack as part of a knockout game.[73]

Jamelle Bouie of The Daily Beast was critical of the game's existence as a trend, comparing its existence to the "wilding" assault allegedly at hand in the Central Park jogger case and the often reported headlight flashing urban legend. While he did not deny that several people were attacked and one had died, he pointed out that the attacks were not really rare, noting the FBI had reported 127,577 unarmed assaults in 2012.[11]

Jesse Singal of the Columbia Journalism Review noted that several of the news reports on the knockout game featured videos taken from the Internet without any contextual evidence that the attacks were possibly related to the knockout game. Many videos began with the victim already facing their assailant, rather than the videos depicting the victim being blindsided by a random attack. He also found one example where the attack did not take place in the United States nor was the assailant a teenager following a viral trend; rather the video depicted an attack in East London by a 35-year-old man who may have had substance abuse problems or mental illnesses.

When Singal approached several local news stations, a representative from an NBC affiliate responded saying that the footage had been taken from a shared pool of stock footage that other NBC stations in the area were given, and generally, if the footage is found to be inaccurate there would be a digital note concerning it. The note was absent in the case of the London video for reasons unknown. Singal's investigation led him to believe that people around the country are being told a story that has not been properly researched.[74]

Chris Hayes, host of MSNBC's All In with Chris Hayes, gave the knockout game his first annual "Over-Covered Stories of the Year" award, due to what he perceived as excessive coverage by Fox News.[75]

Robin Abcarian for the Los Angeles Times criticized this reporting style by a conservative analyst, saying that blame was shifted onto the federal government. Abcarian noted that Barrett explicitly stated he was seeking a black victim, and postulated that he may have been acting on this "lazy narrative that black teens were randomly attacking white people". She criticized the statement by Rev. Sharpton and the conservative news sources who began supporting him after decades of opposition.[13]

Tommy Christopher, writing for Mediaite, claimed James Rosen's report for Fox News on the attack was misleading, noting claims made by Rosen that it is the first such attack to be charged as a hate crime, when it was the first under federal statute. Christopher cited the arrest of Amrit Marajh in Brooklyn and the investigation of the alleged assault on Taj Patterson, a gay black man who claimed he was attacked by a group of Orthodox Jewish men, as proof of this.[76][77][78]

Abcarian criticized the reporting of this attack as possibly being related to the knockout game trend, as the alleged attackers sought out Patterson because he was gay rather than because he is black. She also brought up a case of a fabrication of a "knockout"-style attack, after the victim and her boyfriend revealed she had lied that she was attacked at random by a stranger and instead he had struck her, noting that the St. Louis Post-Dispatch did not report the initial attack as a "knockout game" attack.[79] Abcarian claimed that the 2011 attack by Dajour Washington on James Addlesburger was being used for sensationalism. The video of the assault was shown by Bill O'Reilly, which Addlesburger felt was being exploited and manipulated to fan racial hatred. Washington, who spent nine months in juvenile detention for the attack, appeared on Nightline in 2013 and claimed he had not attacked Addlesburger because he was white but rather because he was the only man present. Washington also claimed that at the time of the attack he had never heard of the "knockout game".[12]

See also

References

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  2. 1 2 Sam Webb (2013-11-21). "Teenager wildly attacking strangers in the street days before he murdered a man with a single punch with his personalized 'bomb' attack". London, UK: Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Police Added in Brooklyn Neighborhood Amid "Knockout Game" Attacks". WNBC. 2013-11-20. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
  4. 1 2 Gartland, Michael (2013-11-23). "I Was A Victim Of The Knockout Game". Nypost.com. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
  5. 1 2 "Man Charged In Latest Alleged 'Knockout Game' Attack In Brooklyn". WCBS-TV. 2013-11-23. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
  6. 1 2 Tracy, Thomas (November 12, 2013). "NYPD investigating Crown Heights 'knockout' attacks on Jews as possible hate crimes". New York Daily News.
  7. 1 2 3 Mark, Jonathan (2013-11-20). "'Knockout' Attacks A Concern". The Jewish Week. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
  8. ↑ Roller, Emma (November 25, 2013). "Why the 'Knockout Game' trend is a myth". Slate.
  9. ↑ Eversley, Melanie (November 26, 2013). "Reports: Alleged Trend of 'knockout game' a myth". USA Today.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Buckley, Cara (2013-11-22). "Police Unsure if Random Attacks Are Rising Threat or Urban Myth". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
  11. 1 2 Bouie, Jamelle (2013-11-25). "Guess What? The 'Knockout Game' Is America's Latest Phony Panic". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
  12. 1 2 Abcarian, Robin (2013-12-12). "The 'knockout game' faux media trend has finally jumped the shark". latimes.com. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  13. 1 2 Abcarian, Robin (2013-12-30). "Why this version of the 'knockout game' makes conservatives crazy". latimes.com. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  14. 1 2 "Greta: 'Knockout Game' No Laughing Matter ... Where Are Jesse Jackson, Al Sharpton and Others?". Fox Nation. 2013-11-19. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
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  16. ↑ AWR Hawkins (2013-12-26). "White Man Charged with Hate Crime for Targeting Black Man in 'Knockout' Game". Breitbart.com. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  17. ↑ "MIT student's death attributed to violent "knockout" game". The Day. 1992-09-23. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  18. ↑ Akwagyiram, Alexis (2005-05-12). "UK | Does 'happy slapping' exist?". BBC News.
  19. ↑ Kannampilly, Ammu (March 8, 2007). "French Slap Back at 'Happy Slappers'". ABC News.
  20. ↑ Ingram, Ron (September 21, 2009). "Teens arraigned for Decatur murder". Herald & Review.
  21. 1 2 Moser, Whet (2012-07-18). "'Point Em Out Knock Em Out,' 'Knockout King', 'Happy Slapping', and the Murder of Delfino Mora". Chicagomag.com. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
  22. 1 2 Mann, Jennifer; Walker, Marlon A. (April 22, 2011). "Violence for fun may be spreading among teens". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
  23. ↑ "Elex Murphy Gets Life Plus 25 Years for Knockout Game Murder". KMOV. 2013-05-02. Retrieved 2013-12-09.
  24. ↑ Garrison, Chad (2011-04-21). "Elex Murphy: St. Louis Teen Allegedly Killed Elderly Immigrant As Part Of Game". Riverfront Times.
  25. ↑ Mann, Jennifer (2013-05-03). "'Knockout game' widow tells of lonely life after husband's murder". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
  26. ↑ "30-year sentence for teen in taped beating death of Delfino Mora". Suntimes.com. 2013-09-12. Retrieved 2013-12-09.
  27. ↑ "A punch from nowhere, and Michael Daniels' rough life ends in a senseless beating". Syracuse.com. 2013-05-30.
  28. ↑ "Attacks around US probed for link to Knockout Game". Associated Press. 2013-11-21. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
  29. ↑ "Hoboken neighbors reeling after arrest of three young teens in murder of a disabled man". NJ.com. 2013-09-23.
  30. ↑ "New Jersey Homeless Man Ralph Santiago, Killed By Teens As Part of Horrific 'Knockout' Game". Fox News Latino. 2013-11-21.
  31. ↑ "Police respond to knockout threat". Yale Daily News. 2013-12-05. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
  32. ↑ "Media Coverage: CBS, ABC, NBC and Daily News Report on 'Knockout' Assaults". Crownheights.info. 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
  33. 1 2 3 Sharp, Sonja (November 25, 2013). "Brooklyn Jewish Leaders Offer $1,500 Reward for 'Knockout Game' Arrests". DNAinfo.
  34. ↑ Yanover, Yori (November 14, 2013). "Crown Heights 'Knockout the Jew' Attacks Serial Hate Crimes". The Jewish Press.
  35. ↑ Fields, Liz; Mohney, Gillian (November 24, 2013). "'Knockout Game' Suspect Charged With Hate Crime". ABC News. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
  36. ↑ "Katy Man Charged With Hate Crime For Breaking Jaw Of Elderly Man In 'Knockout Game' Attack". KHOU. December 26, 2013.
  37. ↑ "Katy Man Charged With Hate Crime For Breaking Jaw Of Elderly Man In 'Knockout Game' Attack". Abclocal.go.com. 2013-12-27. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  38. ↑ "Texas Man Charged With Hate Crime After 'Knockout' Attack". CBS News. December 27, 2013.
  39. ↑ Lane, Jocelyn; Carter, Chelsea J. (December 28, 2013). "FBI Agent Quotes Texas Man Bragging About 'Knockout, Baby!'". CNN.
  40. ↑ "Texan Charged With Hate Crime For 'Knockout Game' Hit Denied Bail". Usnews.nbcnews.com. 2013-12-27. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  41. ↑ Dinan, Stephen (December 26, 2013). "Federal Authorities Charge White 'Knockout' Suspect With Hate Crime". The Washington Times.
  42. ↑ George, Cindy (October 16, 2015). "Defendant In Hate Crime Sentenced To 71 Months In Prison". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
  43. ↑ "Teen playing "knockout game" gets shot and arrested". Retrieved August 20, 2016.
  44. ↑ "Detenido en Milán un joven español que golpeaba sin motivo a los transeúntes". July 27, 2016.
  45. ↑ "Police investigate attempted murder at Peace Center Plaza". Greenvilleonline.com. 2016-07-30. Retrieved 2016-08-21.
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  47. ↑ "Police Consider 'Knockout Game' A Possibility In Fatal Lawncrest Attack". Retrieved August 29, 2016.
  48. ↑ "Knockout Games–The Biggest Form of Cowardice; Rev. Al Sharpton". Huffingtonpost.com. 2013-11-25. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
  49. 1 2 Roberts, Georgett; Gartland, Michael (2013-11-23). "Al Sharpton condemns 'knockout' attacks | New York Post". Nypost.com. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
  50. ↑ Velez, Natasha (2013-11-22). "Jewish Man Clocked In 'Knockout' Attack". New York Post. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
  51. ↑ "Sucker Punch: Possible Spike in 'Knockout Game' Attacks". ABC Nightline. 2013-11-26. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
  52. ↑ "Police keep close eye on 'knockout' game". Cnn.com. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
  53. ↑ "ADL statement". Newyork.adl.org. 2013-11-21. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
  54. ↑ Fields, Liz; Mahoney, Gillian (November 24, 2013). "'Knockout Game' Suspect Charged With Hate Crime". Yahoo.com. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
  55. ↑ "'Knockout' Attack Suspect Charged With Hate Crime Says He's Not Anti-Semitic". Latino Post. 2013-11-17. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
  56. ↑ "NYC councilwoman's talk of black-Jewish resentment, 'knockouts' called racist". New York: NY Daily News. 2013-10-21. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
  57. ↑ "Cumbo Regrets Her Knockout". Collive.com. 2013-12-10. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
  58. ↑ "Councilwoman Apologizes for Insensitive Comments". Crownheights.info. 2013-12-10. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
  59. 1 2 3 4 Donn, Yochonon. "Black Leaders Uniting to Condemn Knockouts". Hamodia.com. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
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  61. 1 2 "New York Lawmaker Targets 'Knockout Game' With New Bill". Newyork.cbslocal.com. 2013-11-21. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
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  63. 1 2 3 4 "Police keep close eye on reports of disturbing 'knockout' game". CNN. 2013-11-22. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
  64. 1 2 "Bill would crack down on "Knockout Game" assaults". WNYT.com. 2013-11-25. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
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  67. ↑ "Community leaders in East New York blame lack of jobs for knockout game violence". Brooklyn.news12.com. 2013-11-27. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
  68. ↑ Donn, Yochonon (2013-11-19). "Jewish, Black Leaders Meet Over Crown Heights Crime". Hamodia. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
  69. ↑ "Video: Former NYC Mayor David Dinkins Releases Video To Condemn 'Knockout Attacks'". theyeshivaworld.com. 2013-12-04. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
  70. ↑ Kurtz, Jason (2013-11-27). "Mike Tyson on "Knockout" game: "There's just some evil people"". The Piers Morgan Interview. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
  71. ↑ John H. Tucker (2011-06-09). "Knockout King: Kids call it a game. Academics call it a bogus trend. Cops call it murder". Riverfront Times. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
  72. ↑ van Zuylen-Wood, Simon (2013-12-04). "Mike Nutter on CNN: I Don't Know If Knockout Game Is Real". Phillymag.com. Retrieved 2013-12-09.
  73. ↑ "Police: Recent assault was 'knockout game'". Articles.philly.com. 2013-11-24. Retrieved 2013-12-09.
  74. ↑ Singal, Jesse (2013-11-27). "'Knockout' reports illustrated with unrelated footage: Columbia Journalism Review". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
  75. ↑ Wilstein, Matt (2013-12-24). "Chris Hayes Blames Fox News for 2013′s Most 'Over-Covered' Story". Mediaite.
  76. ↑ "Fox Airs Misleading Report on 'Knockout Game' Hate Crime Against Elderly Black Man". Mediaite. 2013-11-23. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  77. ↑ "Taj Patterson, Gay Black Student Beaten In Brooklyn In Possible Knockout Game Attack, Claims Orthodox Jews Assaulted Him". Ibtimes.com. 2013-12-10. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  78. ↑ "Black fashion student says Hasidic men attacked him, shouted anti-gay slurs in Williamsburg". New York: NY Daily News. 2013-12-10. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  79. ↑ Byers, Christine (2013-12-06). "Woman made up 'knockout game' story after boyfriend hit her, St. Louis police say". Stltoday.com. Retrieved 2014-01-04.

Further reading

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