LGBT employment discrimination in the United States

The regulation of LGBT employment discrimination in the United States varies by jurisdiction. Many, but far from all, states and localities prohibit bias in hiring, promotion, job assignment, termination, and compensation, as well as harassment on the basis of one's sexual orientation. Fewer extend those protections to cover sexual identity.[1] Some cover government employees but do not extend their protections to the private sector. Protections at the national level are limited. There is no federal statute explicitly addressing employment discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity. However, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission interprets Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to cover discrimination against LGBT employees, as "allegations of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation necessarily state a claim of discrimination on the basis of sex".[2] This interpretation in essence bars employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in accordance with the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[3] In 2012 the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not allow gender identity-based employment discrimination because it is a form of sex discrimination.[4] Then in 2015, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission concluded that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not allow sexual orientation discrimination in employment because it is a form of sex discrimination.[5][6] However, these rulings, while persuasive, may not be binding on courts.[7]

On April 9, 2015, the gender identity ruling went into effect when Judge Mary S. Scriven of the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida approved a consent decree entered into between the EEOC and Lakeland Eye Clinic, P.A. and ordered the Florida-based eye clinic to pay $150,000.00 in damages for firing a transgender employee because of their gender identity.[8][9] The EEOC ruling on sexual orientation also went into effect in June 2016, when the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission reached an agreement in a case against Pallet Companies, doing business as IFCO Systems, which agreed to pay $202,200 and provide significant equitable relief as a result of a lesbian employee alleging discrimination based on sexual orientation.[8]

Federal employees

Presidents have established certain protections for some employees of the federal government by executive order. It was not for years that a president did in fact establish an executive order in order to protect LGBT discrimination in the work force. In 1995, President Bill Clinton's Executive Order 12968 establishing criteria for the issuance of security clearances included sexual orientation for the first time in its non-discrimination language: "The United States Government does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, or sexual orientation in granting access to classified information." It also said that "no inference" about suitability for access to classified information "may be raised solely on the basis of the sexual orientation of the employee."[10] Clinton's Executive Order 13087 in 1998 prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in the competitive service of the federal civilian workforce. It applied to employees of the government of the District of Columbia and the United States Postal Service and to civilian employees of the armed forces, but not to certain excepted services, such as the Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Clinton acknowledged its limitations in a statement:[11]

The Executive Order states Administration policy but does not and cannot create any new enforcement rights (such as the ability to proceed before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). Those rights can be granted only by legislation passed by the Congress, such as the Employment Non-Discrimination Act.

At the start of 2010, the Obama administration included gender identity among the classes protected against discrimination under the authority of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). It was Obamas’ wish to further attend to LGBT civil rights not only through legislation, but also the executive branch. In 2012 the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not allow gender identity-based employment discrimination because it is a form of sex discrimination.[4] In 2015, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission concluded that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not allow sexual orientation discrimination in employment because it is a form of sex discrimination.[5][6]

On March 31, 2014, U.S. District Court Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly ruled in the case of TerVeer v. Billington, that Peter TerVeer can sue for discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, that bans sex discrimination, claiming that he faced discrimination after his boss found out that he was gay. Title VII does not explicitly protect against sexual orientation discrimination, but Judge Kollar-Kotelly's ruling leaves that a person could bring a claim under Title VII’s ban on sex discrimination because an employer views an employee’s sexual orientation as “not consistent with acceptable gender roles.”[12]

On July 21, 2014, President Obama signed Executive Order 13672, adding "gender identity" to the categories protected against discrimination in hiring in the federal civilian workforce and both "sexual orientation" and gender identity" to the categories protected against discrimination in hiring and employment on the part of federal government contractors and sub-contractors.[13][14]

A bill to ban employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity, the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA), was introduced repeatedly in the U.S. Congress since 1994. In 2015, a broader bill, the Equality Act, was introduced instead.

State law

Current U.S. LGBT employment discrimination laws.
  Sexual orientation and gender identity: all employment
  Sexual orientation: all employment, gender identity only in state employment
  Sexual orientation: all employment
  Sexual orientation and gender identity: state employment only
  Sexual orientation: state employment only
  No state-level protection for LGBT employees

As of 2016, Michigan, Nebraska, Ohio, Florida, Arizona, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Idaho are the only states with campaigns working in 2016 to amend existing state anti-discrimination laws to protect against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity and expression.[15]

Pennsylvania became the first state to ban public sector employment discrimination based on sexual orientation in 1975.[16] Wisconsin became the first state to ban both public and private sector employment discrimination based on sexual orientation in 1982.[17] Minnesota became the first state to ban employment discrimination based on both sexual orientation and gender identity when it passed the Human Rights Act in 1993.[18][19] Twenty-one states, the District of Columbia, and at least 255 cities and counties have enacted bans of one sort or another.

Twenty states, the District of Columbia, Guam, and Puerto Rico have statutes that protect against both sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination in employment in the public and private sector: California,[20] Colorado,[21] Connecticut, Delaware,[22] Hawaii,[23] Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota,[19] Nevada,[24] New Jersey,[25] New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, and Washington. An additional two states, New Hampshire and Wisconsin, have statutes that only protect sexual orientation discrimination in the public and private sector.

Nine US states have an executive order, administrative order, or personnel regulation prohibiting discrimination only in public employment based on either sexual orientation or gender identity: Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana,[26] Michigan,[27] Montana, New Hampshire,[28] North Carolina,[29] Pennsylvania and Virginia. An additional four states have executive orders prohibiting discrimination in public employment based on sexual orientation only: Alaska, Arizona, Missouri,[30] and Ohio. The remaining sixteen states do not offer any type of discrimination protections for the LGBT community, although some cities and localities have passed their own ordinances within these states.

The Courts of Appeals for the Sixth, Ninth, and Eleventh Circuits, covering Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Tennessee; Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington; Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, have found some protections in the 1964 Civil Rights Act for the category of gender identity. State courts and administrative agencies in California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Vermont have said that their state sex discrimination law covers discrimination against gender identity.[31]

Chronological order

1972: No LGBT civil rights at the state level, although the first local protections were enacted this year in Michigan (in East Lansing and Ann Arbor).[32]
1973: District of Columbia: Sexual orientation protected in all employment[17]
1975: Pennsylvania: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[16]
1979: California: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[33]
1982: Wisconsin: Sexual orientation protected in all employment[17]
1983: New York: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[34]
       Ohio: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[35]
1985: New Mexico: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[36]
       Rhode Island: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[37][38]
       Washington: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[39]
1987: Oregon: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[40]
1988: Oregon: Sexual orientation no longer protected in state employment[41]
1989: Massachusetts: Sexual orientation protected in all employment[17]
1990: Colorado: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[42]
1991: Connecticut: Sexual orientation protected in all employment[17]
       Hawaii: Sexual orientation protected in all employment[17]
       Minnesota: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[43]
       New Jersey: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[44]
1992: California: Sexual orientation protected in all employment[17]
       Louisiana: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[45]
       New Jersey: Sexual orientation protected in all employment[17]
       Vermont: Sexual orientation protected in all employment[17]
       Oregon: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[41]
1993: Minnesota: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in all employment[17]
1995: Maryland: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[46]
       Rhode Island: Sexual orientation protected in all employment[17]
1996: Illinois: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[47]
       Louisiana: Sexual orientation no longer protected in state employment[45]
1998: New Hampshire: Sexual orientation protected in all employment[48]
1999: Iowa: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in state employment[49]
       Nevada: Sexual orientation protected in all employment[17]
       Ohio: Sexual orientation no longer protected in state employment[35]
2000: Delaware: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[50]
       Iowa: Sexual orientation and gender identity no longer protected in state employment[49]
       Montana: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[51]
2001: Indiana: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[52]
       Maine: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[53]
       Maryland: Sexual orientation protected in all employment[17]
       Rhode Island: Gender identity protected in all employment[17]
2002: Alaska: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[54]
       New York: Sexual orientation protected in all employment[17]
2003: Arizona: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[55]
       California: Gender identity protected in all employment[17]
       Kentucky: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in state employment[56]
       Michigan: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[57]
       New Mexico: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in all employment[17]
       Pennsylvania: Gender identity protected in state employment[58]
2004: Indiana: Gender identity protected in state employment[59]
       Louisiana: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[45]
2005: Illinois: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in all employment[17]
       Maine: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in all employment[17]
       Virginia: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[60]
2006: District of Columbia: Gender identity protected in all employment[17]
       Kentucky: Sexual orientation and gender identity no longer protected in state employment[61]
       New Jersey: Gender identity protected in all employment[17]
       Washington: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in all employment[17]
2007: Colorado: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in all employment[17]
       Iowa: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in all employment[17]
       Kansas: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in state employment[62]
       Maryland: Gender identity protected in state employment[63]
       Michigan: Gender identity protected in state employment[64]
       Ohio: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in state employment[35]
       Oregon: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in all employment[65]
       Vermont: Gender identity protected in all employment[17]
2008: Kentucky: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in state employment[66]
       Louisiana: Sexual orientation no longer protected in state employment [67]
2009: Delaware: Sexual orientation protected in all employment[68]
       Delaware: Gender identity protected in state employment[69]
       New York: Gender identity protected in state employment[70]
2010: Virginia: Sexual orientation no longer protected [71]
       Missouri: Sexual orientation protected in state employment[72]
2011: Ohio: Gender identity no longer protected in state employment [73]
       Massachusetts: Gender identity protected in state employment[74]
       Hawaii: Gender identity protected in all employment[75]
       Nevada: Gender identity protected in all employment[76]
       Connecticut: Gender identity protected in all employment[77]
2012: Massachusetts: Gender identity protected in all employment[78]
2013: Puerto Rico: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in all employment[79]
       Delaware: Gender identity protected in all employment[80]
2014: Virginia: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in state employment[81]
       Maryland: Gender identity protected in all employment[82]
2015: Kansas: Sexual orientation and gender identity no longer protected in state employment[83]
       Utah: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in all employment[84]
       Guam: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in all employment[85]
2016: Montana: Gender identity protected in state employment[86]
       New York: Gender identity protected in all employment[87]
       North Carolina: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in state employment[29]
       Louisiana: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in state employment[26]
       New Hampshire: Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in state employment[28]

Local laws

Private sector policies

Many large companies provide equal rights and benefits to their lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender employees, as measured by the Human Rights Campaign (HRC) through its Corporate Equality Index. The 2015 report found 366 businesses achieved a top rating of 100 percent. The report also found 89% of Fortune 500 businesses have non-discrimination policies on the basis of sexual orientation, while 66% of Fortune 500 businesses have non-discrimination policies on the basis of gender identity.[88] Each year, corporations send thousands of employees to the Out & Equal Regional Summit, a conference that aims to create a more inclusive work environment for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender employees.[89] There are workplace resources for how allies can create a more inclusive work environment, including programs available through PFLAG.[90]

Widespread adoption of private workplace policies may be motivated by good business sense, the Williams Institute suggests. Its conclusion is based on a set of studies that show that lesbians and gay men who have come out at work report lower levels of anxiety, less conflict between work and personal life, greater job satisfaction, more sharing of employers' goals, higher levels of satisfaction with their co-workers, more self-esteem, and better physical health.[91]

Repeal efforts

Also See

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ Tilcsik, A. (2011). Pride and prejudice: Employment discrimination against openly gay men in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 117, 586–626.
  2. ↑ "EEOC Rules LGBT Workplace Discrimination Illegal Under Existing Law". 16 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  3. ↑ "HRC Hails Historic EEOC Ruling on Employment Discrimination". 16 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  4. 1 2 "In Landmark Ruling, Feds Add Transgendered to Anti-Discrimination Law :: EDGE Boston, MA". Edgeboston.com. 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2015-07-17.
  5. 1 2 Carpenter, Dale (2012-12-14). "Anti-gay discrimination is sex discrimination, says the EEOC". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-07-17.
  6. 1 2 Tatectate, Curtis. "EEOC: Federal law bans workplace bias against gays, lesbians, bisexuals | Miami Herald Miami Herald". Miamiherald.com. Retrieved 2015-07-17.
  7. ↑ "Sexual Orientation Discrimination Under Title VII After Baldwin v. Foxx". Washington & Lee Law Review Online. 2015-11-16. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  8. 1 2 http://www.eeoccountdown.com/2015/04/15/the-eeoc-settles-its-first-transgender-suit-filed-under-title-vii/
  9. ↑ http://www.employmentlawdaily.com/index.php/news/eeoc-inks-first-transgender-discrimination-settlement-agreement/
  10. ↑ Purdum, Todd S. (4 August 1995). "Clinton Ends Ban on Security Clearance for Gay Workers". New York Times. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  11. ↑ "1998-05-28 Statement on Amendment to EEO Executive Order". 5 May 1998. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  12. ↑ Civil Action No. 12-1290 (CKK) (D.D.C. March 31, 2014). Text
  13. ↑ "Executive Order -- Further Amendments to Executive Order 11478, Equal Employment Opportunity in the Federal Government, and Executive Order 11246, Equal Employment Opportunity". The White House. Office of the Press Secretary. July 21, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  14. ↑ "Obama signs edict banning discrimination against federal LGBT employees". Al Jazeera. July 21, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  15. ↑ The 2016 LGBT Political Climate
  16. 1 2 Rimmerman, Craig A., Kenneth D. Wald, Clyde Wilcox. (2000). In The Politics of Gay Rights. The University of Chicago Press. p. 272. ISBN 0-226-71999-5. Google Book Search. Retrieved on January 23, 2011.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Mooney, Linda A., David Knox, Caroline Schacht. (2009). In Understanding Social Problems. 6th Edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. p. 467. ISBN 0-495-50428-9. Google Book Search. Retrieved on January 23, 2011.
  18. ↑ "Franken, Klobuchar sponsor workplace non-discrimination act". Minnesota Independent. 2009-08-05. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  19. 1 2 Preston, Joshua. "Allan Spear and the Minnesota Human Rights Act." Minnesota History 65 (2016): 76-87.
  20. ↑ Cal Civ Code sec. 51
  21. ↑ C.R.S. 24-34-402 (2008)
  22. ↑ Lavers, Michael K. (June 19, 2013). "Markell signs transgender rights bill into law". Washington Blade. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
  23. ↑ Williams, Steve. "Hawaii's Trans Workplace Nondiscrimination Bill Goes To Governor's Desk". Care2. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
  24. ↑ Broverman, Neal (May 24, 2011). "Nevada Gov. Signs Pro-Trans Law". The Advocate. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
  25. ↑ "Law Against Discrimination". Newjerseylawyer.info. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  26. 1 2 "Executive Order No. JBE 2016 - 11" (PDF). Governor of Louisiana. 13 April 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  27. ↑ The Associated Press
  28. 1 2 Executive Order 2016-04
  29. 1 2 "Gov. McCrory signs executive order addressing HB2 concerns". wsoctv.com. April 12, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  30. ↑ Missouri governor sets new discrimination policy
  31. ↑ Know Your Rights - Transgender People and the Law
  32. ↑ Eskridge, William K., Jr. (1999). In Gaylaw: Challenging the Apartheid of the Closet. Harvard University Press paperback edition (2002). p. 130. ISBN 0-674-00804-9. Google Books. Retrieved on January 26, 2011.
  33. ↑ Brown, Jerry. Civil Rights. Jerrybrown.com. Accessed: 2011-01-23.
  34. ↑ Quinn, Christine. Bloomberg Must Speak Up on Gay Marriage. Gotham Gazette. 2004-03-08. Accessed: 2011-01-23.
  35. 1 2 3 Resnick, Eric. Kasich lets LGBT job bias rule expire. Gay People's Chronicle. 2011-01-14. Accessed: 2011-01-23.
  36. ↑ New Mexico Non-Discrimination Law. Human Rights Campaign. 2007-03-20. Accessed: 2011-01-23.
  37. ↑ Cumming, Doug. 'Gay rights' proponents, foes to debate ordinance tonight 'Sexual orientation' back in spotlight at Providence hearing. (Fee required for access to the full article.) The Providence Journal. 1985-09-03. Accessed: 2011-01-23.
  38. ↑ Memorandum -- Rhode Island -- Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Documentation of Discrimination p. 9 (Acrobat format) (Refers to Rhode Island Executive Order No. 11 (1985) (Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action Policy)). The Williams Institute. 2009-09. Accessed: 2011-01-25.
  39. ↑ Gardner, Booth. Executive Order 85-09. Governor of Washington web site. 1985-12-24. Accessed: 2011-01-23.
  40. ↑ Roberts pushes gay rights bill. (1991, April 17). The Associated Press via The Bulletin (Bend, Oregon), p. A-7. Retrieved January 23, 2011 via Google News Archive.
  41. 1 2 Beggs, Charles E. (1992, November 12). Anti-gay measure voided. The Associated Press via The Bulletin (Bend, Oregon), p. A-1. Retrieved January 23, 2011 via Google News archive.
  42. ↑ Robinson, B.A. Targeting Gays and Lesbians: Ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court in Romer v. Evans. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 2003-07-07. Accessed: 2011-01-23.
  43. ↑ Carlson, Arne. Executive Order 91-4 (Adobe Acrobat format). Minnesota Legislature. 1991-01-29. Accessed: 2011-01-23.
  44. ↑ Florio, James G. Executive Order #39. The State of New Jersey. 1991-08-16. Accessed: 2011-01-23.
  45. 1 2 3 Louisiana -- Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Documentation of Discrimination (Adobe Acrobat document). The Williams Institute. 2009-09. Accessed: 2011-01-23.
  46. ↑ Memorandum: Maryland -- Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Documentation of Discrimination p. 7 (Acrobat format) (refers to Maryland Executive Order 01.01.1995.19 (1995) (Code of Fair Employment Practices)). The Williams Institute. 2009-09. Accessed: 2011-01-25.
  47. ↑ The nation (map). (1996, December 24). The Advocate, p. 20. Retrieved January 25, 2011 via Google Books search.
  48. ↑ "New Hampshire Chief Signs Gay Rights Bill". New Hampshire: Nytimes.com. 1997-06-08. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  49. 1 2 Laws -- United States of America -- Iowa. GayLawNet. Publication date unknown. Accessed: 2011-01-25.
  50. ↑ Delaware Registrar of Regulations, Volume 4, Issue 9 ("In December 2000, Executive Order # 83, was issued by Governor Thomas Carper, prohibiting State agencies from discrimination based on gender or sexual orientation"). Legis.delaware.gov. 2001-03. Accessed: 2010-01-25.
  51. ↑ Memorandum: Montana -- Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Documentation of Discrimination, p. 1 (Acrobat format). The Williams Institute. 2009-09. Accessed: 2011-01-25.
  52. ↑ Smith, Raymond A., Donald Haider-Markel (2002). In Gay and Lesbian Americans and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 317. ISBN 1-57607-256-8. Google Book Search. Retrieved on January 25, 2011.
  53. ↑ Wills, Donald A. Civil Service Bulletin 13.4B (section Equal Employment Opportunity/Affirmative Action Policy Statement issued 2001-01-17 by governor Angus S. King, Jr.). State of Maine Bureau of Human Resources. 2001-05-01. Accessed: 2011-01-25.
  54. ↑ The State of the Workplace for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Americans 2002, p. 5 (Acrobat format). Human Rights Campaign. 2003. Accessed: 2011-01-25.
  55. ↑ Napolitano, Janet. Executive Order 2003-22 (Acrobat format). Arizona State Library. 2003-06-21. Accessed: 2011-01-25.
  56. ↑ Lisotta, Christopher. (2003, July 8). Kentucky tug-of-war. The Advocate, p. 15. Retrieved January 25, 2011 via Google Books.
  57. ↑ Stevenson, Jan. Granholm extends protections to LGBT state employees. PrideSource. 2004-01-01. Accessed: 2011-01-26.
  58. ↑ Budoff, Carrie. Rendell broadens protection against gender-identity bias. The Philadelphia Inquirer via Illinois Gender Advocates. 2003-07-29. Accessed: 2011-01-26.
  59. ↑ Indiana Extends Job Protections to Transgender State Employees (Issues Alert, Acrobat format). National Center for Transgender Equality. 2004-09. Accessed: 2011-01-25.
  60. ↑ Shear, Michael D., Chris L. Jenkins. Warner Protects Gays in Va. Hiring. The Washington Post. 2005-12-17. Accessed: 2011-01-25.
  61. ↑ Fletcher's True Colors: Equal Opportunity for Some. Kentucky Fairness Alliance. Spring 2006. Accessed: 2011-01-25.
  62. ↑ Johnson, Chris. Kansas governor signs executive order banning employment discrimination against public employees based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Human Rights Campaign. 2007-08-31. Accessed: 2011-01-26.
  63. ↑ Gender Identity Discrimination. Equality Maryland. Publication date unknown. Accessed: 2011-01-25.
  64. ↑ Heywood, Todd A. Governor prohibits discrimination in state employment on the basis of gender identity, expression. The Michigan Messenger. 2007-11-26. Accessed: 2011-01-26.
  65. ↑ Runkel, Ross. Sexual orientation, gender identity discrimination unlawful in Oregon. LawMemo. 2007-05-09. Accessed: 2011-01-26.
  66. ↑ Kentucky Governor bans discrimination for sexual orientation/gender identity. The Equality Party (blog). 2008-06-03. Accessed: 2011-01-26.
  67. ↑ "thebacklot.com - Corner of Hollywood and Gay". 365gay.com. 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  68. ↑ Markell Signs Landmark Equal Rights Law. State of Delaware. 2009-07-02. Accessed: 2011-01-26.
  69. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120225155827/http://governor.delaware.gov/orders/exec_order_8.shtml. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  70. ↑ Scholl, Diana. Gov. Paterson Signs Gender Expression Discrimination Executive Order, Urges Senate to Pass GENDA. Housing Works. 2009-12-15. Accessed: 2011-01-26.
  71. ↑ Helderman, Rosalind S. Virginia governor's anti-bias order removes language regarding sexual orientation. The Washington Post. 2010-02-10. Accessed: 2011-01-25.
  72. ↑ Missouri nondiscrimination policy expanded to gays, veterans. St. Louis Public Radio. 2010-07-26. Accessed: 2011-01-26.
  73. ↑ "Kasich alters order on work rights | The Columbus Dispatch". Dispatch.com. 2011-01-22. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  74. ↑ Levenson, Michael (February 18, 2011). "Transgender state workers get aid from governor". Boston Globe. Retrieved January 18, 2013.; O'Connell, Sue (February 17, 2011). "Patrick signs executive order protecting transgender state employees". Bay Windows. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  75. ↑ Hawaii Gov. Abercrombie signs bill preventing gender identity or expression discrimination. The Associated Press via Daily Reporter (Greenfield, Indiana). 2011-05-03. Accessed: 2011-05-04.
  76. ↑ Vogel, Ed. Sandoval signs transgender job discrimination bill. Las Vegas Review-Journal. 2011-05-24. Accessed: 2011-05-24.
  77. ↑ Edwards, David. Connecticut governor signs law protecting transgender people. The Raw Story. 2011-07-06. Accessed: 2011-07-07.
  78. ↑ "Mass. Gov. Patrick signs transgender rights bill". Boston.com. 2011-11-23. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  79. ↑ "Puerto Rico Bans Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination in Employment". Blog.ogletreedeakins.com. 2013-06-05. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  80. ↑ "Delaware Enacts Gender Identity Nondiscrimination Act to Extend Employment Discrimination Protections Based on Gender Identity". Duanemorris.com. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  81. ↑ "Governor McAuliffe Signs Executive Order Number 1 Prohibiting Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity". Governor.virginia.gov. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  82. ↑ "BREAKING: O'Malley signs Md. transgender". Washingtonblade.com. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  83. ↑ "Brownback rescinds executive order that offered protections on basis of sexual orientation". The Topeka Capital-Journal. February 10, 2015.
  84. ↑ "S.B. 296 Antidiscrimination and Religious Freedom Amendments". Utah State Legislature. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  85. ↑
  86. ↑ Montana Governor Steve Bullock Signs Executive Order Protecting LGBT State Employees
  87. ↑ New York Finalizes Ban On Transgender Discrimination
  88. ↑ Corporate Equality Index 2O15
  89. ↑ "2014 Out & Equal Workplace Summit | Out & Equal Workplace Advocates". Outandequal.org. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  90. ↑ "Allies at Work: Creating a Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Inclusive Work Environment". OutAndEqual.org. Out and Equal Workplace Advocates. Retrieved March 21, 2012.
  91. ↑ "Employment Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People in Oklahoma". The Williams Institute. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
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