Later Tang

Tang / Later Tang
唐 / 後唐
923–937
Later Tang 後唐
Capital		Daming (923) Luoyang (923–936)
Languages		Chinese
Government		Monarchy
Emperor
•	923–926	Li Cunxu (Zhuangzong)
•	926–933	Li Siyuan (Mingzong)
•	933–934	Li Conghou
•	934–936	Li Congke
Historical era		Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
•	Established in Daming	May 923
•	Overthrown by Khitan and Shi Jingtang	January 11, 937
Preceded by Succeeded by Jin (Later Tang precursor) Later Liang (Five Dynasties) Qi (Five Dynasties) Former Shu Later Jin (Five Dynasties) Liao dynasty Later Shu
Today part of		China
The preceding entity of the Later Tang was the State of Jin, which was established by Li Keyong in 895 under the Tang Dynasty and existed as a state in 907–923.

Tang, known in history as Later Tang, was a short-lived imperial dynasty that lasted from 923 to 937 during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in the history of China.^[1]

The first three of Later Tang's four emperors were ethnically sinicized Shatuo.^[2] The name Tang was used to legitimize itself as the restorer of the Tang dynasty (618–907). Although Later Tang officially began in 923, the dynasty already existed in the years before, as a polity called Jin (907–923).

At its height, Later Tang controlled most of northern China.

Formation of the Later Tang

From the fall of the Tang Dynasty in 907, a rivalry had developed between the successor Later Liang, formed by Zhu Wen, and the State of Jin, formed by Li Keyong, in present-day Shanxi. The rivalry survived the death of Li Keyong, whose son Li Cunxu continued to expand Jin territories at the expense of the Later Liang.

Li Keyong forged an alliance with the powerful Khitan, like the Shatuo a people of the northern steppe, a relationship that figured significantly in the expansion and ultimate triumph of the Shatuo. Li Cunxu was successful in overthrowing the Later Liang in 923 and proclaimed himself emperor of the Later Tang, which he referred to as the “Restored Tang”. As a part of “restoring the Tang”, the capital was moved back to the old Tang eastern seat of Luoyang.

Course of the Later Tang

The Later Tang was a short-lived regime, lasting only thirteen years. Li Cunxu himself lived only three years after the founding of the dynasty, having been killed during an officer’s rebellion in 926. Li Siyuan, the adopted son of Li Keyong, took over the dynasty, but relations with the Khitan had fallen sour. Internal struggles typified the remaining ten years of the dynasty, ending with its toppling in 936 when Shi Jingtang, son-in-law of Li Siyuan and a fellow Shatuo, rebelled, stormed the capital with the help of Khitan troops, and founded the Later Jin.

Extent of Later Tang territories

The Later Tang controlled considerably more territory at its height than did the Later Liang. It extended to all the northern territories controlled by the Later Liang as well as its own base in Shanxi. It also had control over the areas around Beijing and Shaanxi, which were not entirely under the control of the Later Liang. The largest expansion of the Later Tang occurred in 925 when they conquered the Former Shu State, centered in present-day Sichuan. However, as Later Tang power was waning, a Later Shu state formed in 934, a year before the fall of the Later Tang.

Rulers of the Later Tang

Temple names	Posthumous names	Family names and given name	Chinese naming conventions	Durations of reigns	Era names and their according durations
Zhuāngzōng (莊宗)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Lǐ Cúnxù (李存勗)	Family name and given name	923–926	Tóngguāng (同光) 923–926
Míngzōng (明宗)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Lǐ Sìyuán (李嗣源) or Lǐ Dǎn (李亶)	Family name and given name	926–933	Tiānchéng (天成) 926–930 Chángxīng (長興) 930–933
did not exist	Mǐn (閔)	Lǐ Cónghòu (李從厚)	Family name and given name	933–934	Yìngshùn (應順) 933–934
did not exist	Mòdì (末帝)	Lǐ Cóngkē (李從珂)	Family name and given name	934–937	Qīngtaì (清泰) 934–937

Later Tang rulers family tree

References

1. Zurndorfer, Harriet T. (2010). "Efflorence? Another Look at the Role of War in Song Dynasty China". War in words transformations of war from antiquity to Clausewitz. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 92. ISBN 9783110245424.
2. Mote, Frederick W (2003). Imperial China 900-1800. pp. 12–13.

• Mote, F.W. (1999). Imperial China: 900-1800. Harvard University Press.