Lead-glazed earthenware

A sancai lead-glazed earthenware saddled horse statuette, Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD)

Lead-glazed earthenware is one of the traditional types of glazed earthenware, which coat the ceramic body and render it impervious to liquids, as terracotta itself is not. The lead glaze is shiny and transparent after firing. Three other traditional techniques are tin-glazed earthenware, which coats the ware with an opaque white glaze suited for colored designs, salt-glazed earthenware such as stoneware, and the feldspathic glazes of Asian porcelain. Modern materials technology has invented new vitreous glazes that do not fall into these traditional categories.

In lead glazes tints provided by impurities render greenish to brownish casts, with aesthetic possibilities that are not easily controlled in the kiln. The Romans used lead glazes for high-quality oil lamps and drinking cups.^[1] At the same time in China, green-glazed pottery dating back to the Han period (25-220 AD) gave rise eventually to the sancai or three-color Tang Dynasty ceramics, where the white clay body was coated with a layer of lead glaze and fired at a temperature of 800 degrees C. Lead oxide was the principal flux in the glaze; polychrome effects were obtained by using as coloring agents copper (which turns green), iron (which turns brownish yellow), and less often manganese and cobalt (which turns blue).

Much of Roman technology was lost in the West, but coarse lead-glazed earthenwares were universal in medieval Europe and in Colonial America.^[2] In England, lead-glazed Stamford Ware was produced in Stamford, Lincolnshire as early as the ninth century.^[3] It was widely traded across Britain and the near continent. In Italy during the 15th century lead-glazed wares were improved by the incremental addition of tin oxides under the influence of Islamic wares imported through Sicily, giving rise to maiolica,^[4] which supplanted lead-glazed wares in all but the most rustic contexts. The French 16th-century Saint-Porchaire ware is lead-glazed earthenware; an early European attempt at rivalling Chinese porcelains, it does not properly qualify as faience, which is a refined tin-glazed earthenware. In 16th-century France Bernard Palissy refined lead-glazed earthenware to a high standard. Victorian majolica is predominantly lead-glazed earthenware, introduced by Mintons in the mid-19th century as a revival of "Palissy ware" which soon became known as "majolica" not to be confused with Minton's rare tin-glaze product^[5] also named 'majolica' which is included in the genre 'Victorian Majolica'.

Toby jug made by Ralph Wood the Younger, Burslem, ca. 1782-1795 (Victoria & Albert Museum)

Lead-glazed earthenwares in Britain include the Toby jugs, such as those made in the late 18th century by Ralph Wood the Younger at Burslem, Staffordshire.

Notes

1. Victor Bryant, "Ceramics in the Roman world"
2. The American tradition was carried into the 19th century, and raised to a high standard by traditional local potters such as Christopher Haun of Tennessee.
3. "Summary description of Stamford Ware from Cambridge University's Department of Archaeology".
4. Richard A. Goldthwaite, "The Economic and Social World of Italian Renaissance Maiolica" Renaissance Quarterly, 42.1 (Spring 1989 pp. 1-32) p. 1.
5. Pottery, British Manufacturing Industries, Leon Arnoux, 1877, p.42