Lentil

This article is about the species Lens culinaris. For the meaning of "lentil" in Indian English, see pulse (legume).
Lentil
Lentils
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Tribe: Vicieae
Genus: Lens
Species: L. culinaris
Binomial name
Lens culinaris
Medikus

The lentil (Lens culinaris) is an edible pulse. It is a bushy annual plant of the legume family, known for its lens-shaped seeds. It is about 40 cm (16 in) tall, and the seeds grow in pods, usually with two seeds in each.

In South Asian cuisine, split lentils (often with their hulls removed) are known as dal. Dal, usually eaten with rice or roti, is a dietary staple throughout regions of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. As a food crop, the majority of world production comes from Canada, India and Australia.

Background

Lentil plants in the field before flowering

Lentils have been part of the human diet since aceramic Neolithic times, being one of the first crops domesticated in the Near East. Archeological evidence shows they were eaten 9,500 to 13,000 years ago.[1]

Lentil colors range from yellow to red-orange to green, brown and black.[1] Lentils also vary in size, and are sold in many forms, with or without the skins, whole or split.

Types

Illustration of the lentil plant, 1885
Red and brown comparison

Nutritional value

Lentils, raw (dry weight)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 1,477 kJ (353 kcal)
63 g
Sugars 2 g
Dietary fiber 10.7 g
1 g
25 g
Vitamins
Thiamine (B1)
(76%)

0.87 mg

Riboflavin (B2)
(18%)

0.211 mg

Niacin (B3)
(17%)

2.605 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5)
(43%)

2.14 mg

Vitamin B6
(42%)

0.54 mg

Folate (B9)
(120%)

479 μg

Vitamin C
(5%)

4.5 mg

Minerals
Calcium
(6%)

56 mg

Iron
(50%)

6.5 mg

Magnesium
(13%)

47 mg

Phosphorus
(40%)

281 mg

Potassium
(14%)

677 mg

Sodium
(0%)

6 mg

Zinc
(35%)

3.3 mg

Other constituents
Water 8.3 g
Link to Full USDA Database entry
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

According to the USDA National Nutrient Database, 100 g of raw lentils (variety unspecified) provide 353 calories; the same weight of cooked lentils provides 116 kcal. Raw lentils are 8% water, 63% carbohydrates including 11% dietary fiber, 25% protein and 1% fat (table). Lentils are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of numerous essential nutrients, including folate (120% DV), thiamin (76% DV), pantothenic acid (43% DV), vitamin B6 (42% DV), phosphorus (40% DV), iron (50% DV) and zinc (35%), among others (table).[3][4] When lentils are cooked by boiling, protein content declines to 9% of total composition, and B vitamins and minerals decrease due to the overall water content increasing (protein itself isn't lost).[5]

Lentils have the second-highest ratio of protein per calorie of any legume, after soybeans.

The low levels of readily digestible starch (5%), and high levels of slowly digested starch, make lentils of potential value to people with diabetes.[6][7] The remaining 65% of the starch is a resistant starch classified as RS1.[8] A minimum of 10% in starch from lentils escapes digestion and absorption in the small intestine (therefore called "resistant starch").[9]

Lentils also have anti-nutrient factors, such as trypsin inhibitors and a relatively high phytate content. Trypsin is an enzyme involved in digestion, and phytates reduce the bioavailability of dietary minerals.[10] The phytates can be reduced by prolonged soaking and fermentation or sprouting.

Production

Worldwide lentil production

Lentils are relatively tolerant to drought, and are grown throughout the world. FAOSTAT reported that the world production of lentils for calendar year 2013 was 4,975,621 metric tons, primarily coming from Canada, India and Australia.[11]

About a quarter of the worldwide production of lentils is from India, most of which is consumed in the domestic market. Canada is the largest export producer of lentils in the world, and Saskatchewan is the most important producing region in Canada (growing 99% of Canadian lentils).[12] Statistics Canada estimates that Canadian lentil production for the 2009/10 year was a record 1.5 million metric tons.[13] The most commonly grown type is the Laird lentil.[12]

The Palouse region of eastern Washington and the Idaho panhandle, with its commercial center at Pullman, Washington, constitute the most important lentil-producing region in the United States.[14] Montana and North Dakota are also significant lentil growers.[1] The National Agricultural Statistics Service reported United States 2007 production at 154.5 thousand metric tons.

Top Lentil Producing Countries, 2014
Country Metric Tons
 Canada 1,987,000
 India 1,100,000
 Australia 348,080
 Turkey 345,000
   Nepal 226,830
World 4,885,271
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division[15]

Diseases

As food

The seeds require a cooking time of 10 to 40 minutes, depending on the variety—shorter for small varieties with the husk removed, such as the common red lentil—and have a distinctive, earthy flavor. Lentils with husk remain whole with moderate cooking; lentils without husk tend to disintegrate into a thick purée, which leads to quite different dishes.[16] Lentil recipes[17] are used throughout South Asia, the Mediterranean regions and West Asia. They are frequently combined with rice, which has a similar cooking time. A lentil and rice dish is referred to in Arab countries as mujaddara or mejadra. In Iran, rice and lentil is served with fried raisin; this dish is called Adas Polo, and usually comes with ground beef. Rice and lentils are also cooked together in khichdi, a popular dish in the Indian subcontinent (India and Pakistan); a similar dish, kushari, made in Egypt, is considered one of two national dishes. Lentils are used to prepare an inexpensive and nutritious soup all over Europe and North and South America, sometimes combined with some form of chicken or pork.

Dried lentils can be sprouted by soaking in water for one day and keeping moist for several days, which changes their nutrition profile and reduces undesirable phytic acid.

Lentils were a chief part of the diet of ancient Iranians, who consumed lentils daily in the form of a stew poured over rice.

Lentils are commonly eaten in Ethiopia in a stew-like dish called kik, or kik wot, one of the dishes people eat with Ethiopia's national food, injera flat bread. Yellow lentils are used to make a non-spicy stew, which is one of the first solid foods Ethiopian women feed their babies.

In the Indian Subcontinent lentil curry is part of the everyday diet, eaten with both rice and roti. Boiled lentils and lentil stock are used to thicken most vegetarian curries. They are also used as stuffing in dal parathas and Poori. Lentils are also used in many regional varieties of sweets.

In culture

The word "lens" in optics comes from the lentil-like shape of early double-convex lenses; lentil is lens in Latin, and gives its name to the botanical genus Lens.

In Italy and Hungary, eating lentils on New Year's Eve traditionally symbolizes the hope for a prosperous new year, most likely because of their round, coin-like form.

In Jewish mourning tradition, lentils and boiled eggs are traditional as food for mourners, because their round shape symbolizes the life cycle from birth to death.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Leah A. Zeldes (16 February 2011). "Eat this! Lentils, a prehistoric foodstuff". Dining Chicago. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  2. ↑ "Cook's Thesaurus: Lentils". Foodsubs.com. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  3. ↑ US Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 28 (2016). "Full Report (All Nutrients): 16069, Lentils, raw". Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  4. ↑ "Nutrition Facts for Raw Lentils, 100 g". Conde Nast, USDA National Nutrient Database, version SR-21. 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  5. ↑ "Lentils, mature seeds, cooked, boiled, without salt per 100 g". Conde Nast, USDA National Nutrient Database Release SR-21. 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  6. ↑ Ramdath D, Renwick S, Duncan AM (2016). "The Role of Pulses in the Dietary Management of Diabetes.". Can J Diabetes (Review). 40 (4): 355–63. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.015. PMID 27497151.
  7. ↑ Mudryj AN, Yu N, Aukema HM (2014). "Nutritional and health benefits of pulses". Appl Physiol Nutr Metab (Review. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 39 (11): 1197–204. doi:10.1139/apnm-2013-0557. PMID 25061763.
  8. ↑ Kawaljit Singh Sandhu, Seung-Taik Lim Digestibility of legume starches as influenced by their physical and structural properties Elsevier, 16 March 2007
  9. ↑ Tovar J (1996). "Bioavailability of carbohydrates in legumes: digestible and indigestible fractions". Arch Latinoam Nutr. 44 (4 Suppl 1): 36S–40S. PMID 9137637.
  10. ↑ Vidal-Valverde C, Frias F, Estrella I, Gorospe MJ, Ruiz R, Bacon J (1994). "Effect of processing on some antinutritional factors of lentils". J Agric Food Chem. 42 (10): 2291–2295. doi:10.1021/jf00046a039.
  11. ↑ "2013 World Production Statistics for Lentils". Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division. 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  12. 1 2 "Lentil (Lens culinaris)". Pulse Canada. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  13. ↑ "Crops Market Information - Canadian Industry". Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  14. ↑ "Crop Profile for Lentils in Idaho". Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Science, University of Idaho (web site). 2000.
  15. ↑ "Production of Lentils by Countries". UN Food & Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division. 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  16. ↑ "Red lentil recipes". BBC. 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  17. ↑ "Ajwaini Panch Dal". Retrieved 14 February 2014.

Further reading

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