List of Earth flybys
List of Earth flybys is a list of cases where spacecraft incidentally performed Earth flybys, typically for a gravity assist to another body.
Spacecraft | Organization | Date | Type | Closest Approach | Status | Notes | Image | Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Giotto (first pass) |
ESA | 2 July 1990 | flyby | 22,730 km | success | first Earth flyby, en route to Comet Grigg-Skjellerup | [1] | ||
Galileo (first pass) |
NASA | 8 December 1990 | flyby | 301 km | success | gravity assist en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 960 km | [2] | ||
Sakigake (first pass) |
ISAS | 8 January 1992 | flyby | 88,790 km | success | previously visited Halley's comet | [3] | ||
Suisei | ISAS | 20 August 1992 | flyby | failure | failure | previously visited Halley's comet; hydrazine depleted, further planned comet flybys abandoned | [4] | ||
Galileo (second pass) |
NASA | 8 December 1992 | flyby | success | gravity assist en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 305 km | [5] | |||
Sakigake (second and third passes) |
ISAS | 14 June 1993 | flyby | [6] | |||||
28 October 1994 | flyby | out of fuel; telemetry contact lost November 1995 | |||||||
NEAR Shoemaker | NASA | 23 January 1998 | flyby | 540 km | success | gravity assist en route to Eros | [7] | ||
Nozomi (first pass) |
ISAS | 20 December 1998 | flyby | 1000 km | partial success | gravity assist on planned mission to Mars; valve malfunction during flyby required extra burn, which later forced alternate trajectory plan | [8] | ||
Giotto (second pass) |
ESA | 1 July 1999 | flyby | failure | n/a | already defunct | [1] | ||
Cassini | NASA/ ESA/ ASI |
August, 1999 | flyby | success | gravity assist en route to Saturn | [9] | |||
Stardust (first pass) |
NASA | 15 January 2001 | flyby | 6000 km | success | gravity assist en route to comet 81P/Wild | [10] | ||
Nozomi (second pass) |
ISAS | December, 2002 | flyby | 11,000 km | success | gravity assist en route to Mars | [8] | ||
Nozomi (third pass) |
ISAS | 19 June 2003 | flyby | 1000 km | success | gravity assist en route to Mars | [8] | ||
Hayabusa | ISAS | 19 May 2004 | flyby | 20,000 km | success | en route to Itokawa | [11] | ||
Rosetta (first pass) |
ESA | 4 March 2005 | flyby | 1950 km | success | gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters | [12] | ||
MESSENGER | NASA | 2 August 2005 | flyby | 2348 km | success | en route to Venus and Mercury | [13] | ||
Stardust (second pass) |
NASA | 15 January 2006 | flyby | success | drop-off of sample return capsule | [10] | |||
Rosetta (second pass) |
ESA | 13 November 2007 | flyby | success | gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters | ||||
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (first pass) | NASA | 31 December 2007[14] | flyby | 15,567 | success | previously visited Comet 9P/Tempel; gravity assist en route to encounter with Comet 103P/Hartley | [15] | ||
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (second pass) | NASA | December 2008[14][16] | flyby | 43,450 km | success | gravity assist | [15] | ||
Stardust (third pass) |
NASA | 14 January 2009 | flyby | 9200 km | success[17] | mission extension to Comet 9P/Tempel; minimum distance 9200 km | [10] | ||
Rosetta (third pass) |
ESA | 13 November 2009 | flyby | success | gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters | ||||
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (third pass) | NASA | June 2009[14] | distant flyby | success | [15] | ||||
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (fourth pass) | NASA | December 2009[14][16] | distant flyby | success | [15] | ||||
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (fifth pass) | NASA | June 2010[14] | flyby | 36,900 km | success | [15] | |||
Juno | NASA | 9 October 2013 | flyby | 559 km | success | gravity assist en route to Jupiter | 2011-040A | ||
Hayabusa 2 | JAXA | 3 December 2015 | flyby | success | gravity assist en route to Asteroid 162173 Ryugu | 2014-076A | |||
PROCYON | University of Tokyo/JAXA | 3 December 2015[18] | flyby | success | was en route to Asteroid 2000 DP107 but mission abandoned[19] | 2014-076D | |||
Shin'en 2 | Kyutech | 4 December 2015[20] | flyby | success | 2014-076B |
See also
References
- 1 2 "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ↑ "Solar System Exploration: : Galileo Legacy Site". 2.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
- ↑ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ↑ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
- ↑ "Solar System Exploration: : Galileo Legacy Site". .jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ↑ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ↑ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- 1 2 3 "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ↑ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- 1 2 3 "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ↑ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ↑ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ↑ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "NASA - EPOXI Mission - Mission". Epoxi.umd.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- 1 2 "Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Name: D: Deep Impact-EPOXI". Sse.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ↑ "Stardust-NExT: Status Report 2009". Stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ↑ "PROCYON". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
- ↑ Lakdawalla, Emily (May 8, 2015). "Due to ion engine failure, PROCYON will not fly by an asteroid". Retrieved 2015-09-23.
- ↑ "Keiichi Okuyama-Lab". Kyushu Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
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