List of echinoderms of Venezuela

List of echinoderms of Venezuela

The echinoderms of Venezuela are a strictly marine animal phylum comprising about 124 species of marine waters designated for Venezuelan Caribbean.[1] The first lists of species for Venezuelan coast date back to 1939[2] and 1967.[3]

In Venezuela are five classes representatives living today: Crinoidea, Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea.[4] In this list are listed 105 species for the territory Venezuelan.[2][3][5][6][7]

List of species identified for Venezuela

Crinoidea (Sea Lilies)

Crinoidea
Species Common name Global distribution Distribution by state[nota 1] Image
Antedon bifida (Pennant, 1777)[3][7] Rosy Feather-star[8] Atlantic Ocean[9] Ar; Su; Va

Davidaster rubiginosus (Pourtàles, 1869)[3] Sea lily[3][10] Caribbean Sea[11] Ar

Tropiometra carinata (Lamarck, 1816)[3][7] Black and White Sea Lily[12] Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean[13] Ar; Ca; Fa; DF; Su; Va

Asteroidea (Starfishs)

Asteroidea
Species Common name Global distribution Distribution by state Image
Anthenoides piercei Perrier, 1881[5] Starfish[14] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[15] NE; Su
Asterinides folium (Lütken, 1859)[2][3][7] Common Blunt Armed Sea Star[16] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[17] Su
Astropecten antillensis Lütken, 1859[2][3][7] Starfish[14] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[18] Su; Zu
Astropecten brasiliensis Müller & Troschel (1842)[3][7] Starfish[14] Western Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[19] An; Fa; Mi; NE; Su
Astropecten duplicatus Gray, 1840[3][7][20] Two-spined Star Fish[21] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[22] NE; Su; Va; Zu
Astropecten marginatus Gray, 1840[2][3][7][20] Starfish[14] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[23] DA; Fa; NE; Su; Zu
Echinaster brasiliensis Müller & Troschel, 1842[7] Starfish[14] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[24] Su
Echinaster echinophorus (Lamarck, 1816)[3][7] Starfish[14] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[25] DF; NE; Su
Goniaster tesellatus (Lamarck, 1816)[3][5][7] Starfish[14] Atlantic Ocean[26] NE; Su
Linckia guildingi Gray, 1840[2][3][7] Yellow Starfish[14] Cosmopolitan[27] NE
Luidia alternata (Say, 1825)[3] Starfish[14] Caribbean Sea[28] NE; Su; Zu
Luidia clathrata (Say, 1825)[3][7] Starfish[14] Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean[29] An; NE; Su; Zu
Luidia senegalensis (Lamarck, 1816)[2][3][7][20] Nine-armed Sea Star[30] Northwesthern Atlantic Ocean[31] Mi; NE; Su
Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1858)[2][3][7] Orange Starfish[14] Cushion Sea Star[32] Caribbean Sea[33] Fa; Mi; Mo; NE; Su
Tethyaster vestitus (Say, 1825)[3][7] Starfish[14] Caribbean Sea[34] DA; DF; Su

Ophiuroidea (Sea spiders and sea snakes)

Ophiuroidea
Species Common name Global distribution Distribution by state Image
Amphiodia trychna H. L. Clark, 1918[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[35] An; Su
Amphioplus coniortodes H. L. Clark, 1918[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[36] An; NE; Su
Amphipholis januarii Ljungman, 1867[7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[37] Su
Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje, 1828)[3][7] Small Brittle Star[38] Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean[39] NE; Su
Amphiura palmeri T Lyman, 1882[3] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[40] Su
Amphiura rathbuni Koehler, 1914[3] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[41] NE
Amphiura stimpsonii Lútken, 1859[7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[42] Su
Asteronyx loveni Müller & Troschel, 1824[3] Pipe-cleaner Brittlestar[43] Northern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[44] Fa
Astrophyton muricatum (Lamarck, 1816)[3][7][20] Grifo[14] Giant Basket Star[45] Caribbean Sea[46] Ar; DF; NE; Su
Microphiopholis atra (Stimpson, 1852)[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[47] An; DA; Mo; Su
Microphiopholis gracillima (Stimpson, 1852)[7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[48] Su
Ophiactis muelleri Lütken, 1856[3] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[49] Su
Ophiactis algicola H.L. Clark, 1933[7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[50] Su
Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Troschel, 1842)[3][7] Savigny's Brittle Star[51] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean[52] DF; Mi; NE; Su
Ophiocnida scabriuscula (Lútken, 1859)[7] Lobate Brittle Star[53] Caribbean Sea[54] Su
Ophiocoma echinata (Lamarck, 1816)[3][7] Black Brittle Star[55] Caribbean Sea[56] Ar; DF; Fa; NE; Su
Ophiocoma pumila Lütken, 1859[3][7] Banded Ophiocoma[57] Caribbean Sea[58] DF; Fa; Su; Va
Ophiocoma wendtii Müller & Troschel, 1842[3][7] Red Ophiocoma[59] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Indian Ocean[60] NE; Su
Ophiocomella ophiactoides (H. L. Clark, 1963)[3][7] Coralline Brittle Star[61] Caribbean Sea[62] Ar; Su
Ophioderma appressa (Say, 1825)[3][7] Harlequin Brittle Star[63] Caribbean Sea[64] DF; Mi; NE; Su
Ophioderma brevicauda Lütken, 1856[2][3][7] Short Spined Ophioderma[65] Caribbean Sea[66] Ca; DF; Fa; Mi
Ophioderma brevispina (Say, 1825)[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[67] DF; Mi
Ophioderma cinerea Müller & Troschel, 1842[7] Chocolate Brittle Star[68] Caribbean Sea[69] Su
Ophioderma rubicunda Lütken, 1856[3][7] Ruby Brittle Star[70] Caribbean Sea[71] Su
Ophiolepis elegans Lütken, 1859[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[72] An; DF; Mi; NE; Su
Ophiolepis impressa Lütken, 1859[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[73] Mi; Su
Ophiolepis paucispina (Say, 1825)[7][7] Scaly Brittle Star[74] Caribbean Sea[75] Su
Ophiomyxa flaccida ( Say, 1825)[3][7] Slimy Brittle Star[76] Caribbean Sea[77] DF; Su
Ophionereis olivacea H. L. Clark, 1901[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[78] Su
Ophionereis reticulata (Say, 1925)[3][7] Reticulated Brittle Star[79] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[80] DF; NE; Su
Ophionereis squamulosa Köehler, 1913[7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[81] Su
Ophiopsila hartmeyeri Koehler, 1913[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[82] Su
Ophiopsila riisei Lütken, 1859[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[83] Ar; DF; Su
Ophiophragmus wurdemani (Lyman, 1860)[3] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[84] Va
Ophiothrix angulata (Say, 1825)[3][7] Angular Brittle Star[85] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[86] DF; Mi; NE; Su
Ophiothrix brachyactis H. L. Clark, 1915[3] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[87] Su
Ophiothrix oerstedii Lütken, 1856[2][3][7] Oersted's Brittle Star[88] Caribbean Sea[89] DF; NE; Su
Ophiothrix suensonii Lütken, 1856[3][7] Suenson's Brittle Star[90] Caribbean Sea[91] NE; Su
Ophiura acervata Lyman 1869[3][7] Sea spiders[4][10] Caribbean Sea[92] DA; Mo; Su

Echinoidea (Sea urchins and sand dollar)

Echinoidea
Species Common name Global distribution Distribution by state Image
Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck, 1816)[3][7] Purple Sea Urchin.[93][94] Caribbean Sea[95] An; NE; Su
Brissopsis elongata Mortensen, 1907[3][7] Caribbean Sea[96] An; Su
Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778)[3] Groove Burrowing Urchin[97] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Westhern Mediterranean Sea[98] An; DF; Su
Clypeaster cyclopylus H.L.Clark, 1941[99] Venezuelan Caribbean Sea[100] DF (Archp. Los Testigos)
Clypeaster euclastus H.L.Clark, 1941[7][99] Caribbean Sea[101] An, Ca, DA, DF, Fa
Clypeaster lamprus H.L.Clark, 1914[99] Caribbean Sea[102] Va
Clypeaster prostratus Ravenel, 1848[99] Caribbean Sea[103] Fa, Zu
Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)[3][99] Sea Biscuit[104] Caribbean Sea[105] Fa; DF; NE
Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray, 1825)[3][7][99] Sand Dollar[106] Caribbean Sea[107] An; Fa; NE; Su
Diadema antillarum (Philippi & Agassiz, 1863)[3][7] Long-spined Sea Urchin[108] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[109] Ar; Ca; DF; Mi; Su; Va
Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus, 1758)[3][7][110] Rock-boring Urchin[111] Caribbean Sea[112] An; Ar; Ca; DA; DF; Fa; Mi; Mo; NE; Su; Va; Zu
Echinometra viridis Agassiz, 1863[2][3][7] Green Urchin[14] Caribbean Sea[113] Ar; Ca; DF; Fa; Mi
Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778)[3][7][99] Sand Dollar, Cookie[14] Caribbean Sea[114] Ar; NE; Su
Encope michelini Agassiz, 1841[99] Notched Sand Dollar[115] Caribbean Sea[116] Ar; NE; Su
Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816)[2][3][7] Slate Pencil Urchin[117] Caribbean Sea[118] DF; Mi; NE; Su; Va; Zu
Leodia sexiesperforata (Leske, 1778)[3][7][99] Six Holed Keyhole Urchin[119] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[120] An; Ar; Ca; Mi; NE; Su; Va
Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck, 1816)[2][3][7][121] Variegated Sea Urchin[122] Caribbean Sea[123] An; Ar; Ca; DA; DF; Fa; Mi; Mo; NE; su; Va; Zu
Mellita quinquiesperforata latiambulacra H. L. Clark, 1940[2][3][7][99] Dollar see; Cookie[124] Caribbean Sea[125] An; Ar; Ca; DA; Fa; Mi; Mo; NE; Su; Va; Zu
Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck, 1816)[3][7] Caribbean Sea[126] DF; NE
Moira atropos (Lamarck, 1816)[3][7] Caribbean Sea[127] Su;
Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin, 1788)[7] Caribbean Sea[128] An; DA; Su
Schizaster orbignyanus Agassiz, 1980[3][7] Caribbean Sea[129] An; DA; Su
Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck, 1816)[3][7] Sea Egg[130] Caribbean Sea[131] DF; Fa; Mi; NE; Su; Va

Holothuroidea (Sea Cucumbers)

Holothuroidea
Species Common name Global distribution Distribution by state Image
Aslia pygmaea (Théel 1886)[2][6][7] Venezuelan Caribbean sea[132] NE
Aslia surinamensis (Semper 1868)[7][133] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[133] NE
Astichopus multifidus (Sluter, 1910)[134] Fissured Sea Cucumber[135] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[136] DF
Chiridota rotifera (Pourtalès, 1851)[7] Worm Cucumber[137] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[138] Su
Euthyonacta solida (Deichmann, 1930)[7] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[139] Su
Holothuria arenicola Semper, 1868[7][7] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean[140] Su
Holothuria cubana Ludwig, 1875[7][7] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[141] Su
Holothuria glaberrima Selenka, 1867[7] Brown Rock Sea Cucumber[142] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[143] Su
Holothuria grisea (Selenka; 1867)[6][7] Gray Sea Cucumber[144] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[145] Su
Holothuria impatiens (Forskaal, 1775)[6][7] Impatient Sea Cucumber[146] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean[147] Su
Holothuria mexicana Ludwig, 1875[7] Dunkey Dung Sea Cucumber[148] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[149] DF; Fa
Holothuria occidentalis Ludwig, 1875[7] Caribbean Sea[150] Su
Holothuria parvula (Selenka, 1867)[7] Golden Sea Cucumber[151] Caribbean Sea, Indian Ocean[152] Su
Holothuria princeps (Selenka, 1867)[6][7] Caribbean Sea[153] Su
Holothuria surinamensis Ludwig, 1875[2][7] Surinam Sea Cucumber[154] Caribbean Sea[155] Zu
Holothuria thomasi Pawson & Caycedo, 1980[7] Tiger Tail Sea Cocumber[156] Caribbean Sea[157] su
Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867)[6][7] Three-rowed Sea Cucumber[158] Caribbean Sea[159] DF; Su
Lissothuria antillensis Pawson, 1967[7] Venezuelan Caribbean Sea[160] Su
Lissothuria braziliensis (Théel, 1886)[7] Venezuelan Caribbean Sea[161] Su
Ocnus suspectus (Ludwig, 1874)[7] Caribbean Sea[162] Su
Pentamera pulcherrima Ayres, 1852[7] Nortrwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[163] Su
Pseudothyone belli (Luswig, 1887)[7] Caribbean Sea[164] Su
Sclerodactyla briareus (Lesueur, 1824)[7] Caribbean Sea[165] Su
Thyone pseudofusus Deichmann, 1930[7] Caribbean Sea[166] Su
Thyonidium seguroensis (Deichmann, 1930)[7] Caribbean Sea[167] Su

See also

Notas

  1. ↑ The following codes are used:
    • An: Anzoátegui
    • Ar: Aragua
    • Ca: Carabobo
    • DA: Delta Amacuro
    • DF: Dependencias Federales
    • Fa: Falcón
    • Mi: Miranda
    • Mo: Monagas
    • NE: Nueva Esparta
    • Su: Sucre
    • Va: Vargas
    • Zu: Zulia

References

  1. ↑ "Miloslavich P, Díaz JM, Klein E, Alvarado JJ, Díaz C, et al. (2010) Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns.". PLoS ONE. 5: e11916. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011916.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Engel H (1939). "Echinoderms from Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire and Northern Venezuela". Capita Zoologica. VIII (4): 1–12.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 Zoppy E (1967). "Contribución al conocimiento de los Equinodermos de Venezuela". Acta Biologica Venezuelica. 5 (17): 267–333.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Zoppy, E. & Cedeño, A. 1980. Phylum Echinodermata. En: Bodini, R. & Rada, D. Biología Animal. Editorial Ateneo de Caracas. Caracas - Venezuela. pp:233-242
  5. 1 2 3 Flores C., Martínez de R. A. (1970). "Status de la familia Goniasteridae (Asteroidea: Phanerozonia) en la región Oriental de Venezuela". Boletín del Instituto Oceanográfico de la Universidad de Oriente. 9 (1-2): 3–8.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Martínez , Mago H (1975). "Contribución al conocimiento de los holoturoideos (Holoturoidea: Echinodermata) de la región oriental de Venezuela". Boletín del Instituto Oceanográfico de la Universidad de Oriente. 14 (2): 187–197.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 "Gómez M, María C. y Hernández A, Iván. 2011: Equinodermos de la bahía Tunantal, Estado Sucre, Venezuela. Boletín del Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela, 50 (2): 209-231". Ojs.udo.edu.ve. 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  8. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Antedon bifida''". EOL. 2010-03-30. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  9. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Antedon bifida'' (Pennant, 1777) AphiaID: 124201". Marinespecies.org. 2004-12-21. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Matínez E. Rafael y Martínez M. Enrique. 1998: Técnicas generales para invertebrados, colecta, anestesia, fijación, preservación, coloración, montaje, cultivo y calidad de agua. Caracas. 246p.
  11. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Davidaster rubiginosus'' (Pourtalès, 1869) AphiaID: 246784". Marinespecies.org. 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  12. ↑ "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) ''Tropiometra carinata''". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  13. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Tropiometra carinata'' (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 213331". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Cervigon, F. y Velázquez, E. 1981. Nombres venáculos de organismos marinos del Estado Nueva Esparta. Caracas. 53p.
  15. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Anthenoides piercei'' Perrier, 1881 AphiaID: 178061". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  16. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Asterinides folium'' Common Blunt Armed Sea Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  17. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Asterinides folium'' (Lutken, 1860) AphiaID: 459535". Marinespecies.org. 2010-02-27. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  18. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Astropecten antillensis'' Lütken, 1859 AphiaID: 178646". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  19. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Astropecten brasiliensis'' Müller & Troschel, 1842 AphiaID: 178647". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Capelo Juan., Gutiérrez, Javier., Rada, m., Buitrgo, J y Narváez, J. 2007: Biodiversidad de las comunidades de bentos del sur del golfo de Paria, Venezuela. Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, 67(168):59-82. ISSN 0037-8518
  21. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Astropecten duplicatus'' Two-spined Star Fish". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  22. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Astropecten duplicatus'' Gray, 1840 AphiaID: 178650". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  23. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Astropecten marginatus'' Gray, 1840 AphiaID: 178667". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  24. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Echinaster (Othilia) brasiliensis'' Müller & Troschel, 1842 AphiaID: 178747". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  25. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Echinaster (Othilia) echinophorus'' (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 178748". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  26. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Goniaster tessellatus'' (de Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 124033". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  27. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Linckia guildingi'' Gray, 1840 AphiaID: 178188". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  28. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Luidia alternata'' (Say, 1825)AphiaID: 178615". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  29. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Luidia clathrata'' (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 158497". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  30. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Luidia senegalensis'' Nine-armed Sea Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  31. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Luidia senegalensis'' (Lamark, 1816) AphiaID: 178641". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  32. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Oreaster reticulatus'' Cushion Sea Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  33. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Oreaster reticulatus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) AphiaID: 178210". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  34. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Tethyaster vestitus'' (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 178718". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  35. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Amphiodia trychna'' H.L. Clark, 1918 AphiaID: 242681". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  36. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Amphioplus coniortodes'' H.L. Clark, 1918 AphiaID: 242765". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  37. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Amphipholis januarii'' Ljungman, 1866 AphiaID: 149906". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  38. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Amphipholis squamata'' Small Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  39. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Amphipholis squamata'' (Delle Chiaje, 1828) AphiaID: 125064". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  40. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Amphiura palmeri'' Koehler, 1906 AphiaID: 125093". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  41. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Amphiura rathbuni'' Koehler, 1914 AphiaID: 242980". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  42. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Amphiura stimpsoni'' Lütken, 1859 AphiaID: 242991". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  43. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Asteronyx loveni'' Pipe-cleaner Brittlestar". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  44. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Asteronyx loveni'' Müller & Troschel, 1842 AphiaID: 124951". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  45. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Astrophyton muricatum'' Giant Basket Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  46. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Astrophyton muricatum'' (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 243214". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  47. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Microphiopholis atra'' (Stimpson, 1852) AphiaID: 158072". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  48. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Microphiopholis gracillima'' (Stimpson, 1854) AphiaID: 405791". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  49. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Ophiactis muelleri'' Lütken, 1856 AphiaID: 243460". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  50. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Ophiactis algicola'' H.L. Clark, 1933 AphiaID: 243434". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  51. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Ophiactis savignyi'' Savigny's Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  52. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Troschel, 1842) AphiaID: 125122". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  53. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Ophiocnida scabriuscula'' Lobate Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  54. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Ophiocnida scabriuscula'' (Lütken, 1859) AphiaID: 422458". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  55. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Ophiocoma echinata'' Black Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  56. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Ophiocoma echinata'' (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 243573". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  57. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Ophiocoma pumila'' Banded Ophiocoma". EOL. 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  58. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Ophiocoma pumila'' Lütken, 1856 AphiaID: 243578". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  59. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Ophiocoma wendtii'' Red Ophiocoma". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  60. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Ophiocoma wendtii'' Müller & Troschel, 1842 AphiaID: 243582". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  61. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Ophiocomella ophiactoides'' Coralline Brittle Star". EOL. 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  62. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Ophiocomella ophiactoides'' (H.L. Clark, 1900) AphiaID: 243584". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  63. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Ophioderma appressa'' Harlequin Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  64. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Ophioderma appressa'' (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 243630". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  65. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Ophioderma brevicauda'' Short Spined Ophioderma". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  66. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Ophioderma brevicauda'' Lütken, 1856 AphiaID: 243631". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  78. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Ophionereis olivacea'' H.L. Clark, 1900 AphiaID: 243886". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  81. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Ophionereis squamulosa'' Koehler, 1914 AphiaID: 243892". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  82. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Ophiopsila hartmeyeri'' Koehler, 1913 AphiaID: 244010". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  83. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Ophiopsila riisei'' Lütken, 1859 AphiaID: 244020". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  84. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Ophiophragmus wurdemani'' (Lyman, 1860) AphiaID: 243937". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  85. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Ophiothrix angulata'' Angular Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  86. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) angulata'' (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 244162". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  88. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Ophiothrix oerstedii'' Oersted's Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  89. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) oerstedii'' Lütken, 1856 AphiaID: 244182". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  92. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Ophiura acervata'' (Lyman, 1869) AphiaID: 244255". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  93. ↑ Serafy, Keith. & Fell, Julian. 1985: Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Echidodermata: Echinoidea. NOAA technical Report NMFS 33. 28p.
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  96. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Brissopsis elongata'' Mortensen, 1907 AphiaID: 422510". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  97. ↑ "Encyclopedia Of Life (EOL) ''Brissus unicolor''". EOL. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  102. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Clypeaster lamprus'' H.L. Clark, 1914 AphiaID: 513185". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  104. ↑ "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Clypeaster rosaceus". EOL. 2012-06-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  106. ↑ "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) ''Clypeaster subdepressus''". EOL. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  107. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Clypeaster subdepressus'' (Gray, 1825) AphiaID: 422499". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  108. ↑ "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) ''Diadema antillarum''". EOL. 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  113. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Echinometra viridis'' A. Agassiz, 1863 AphiaID: 422493". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  126. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Meoma ventricosa'' (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 367846". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  129. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Schizaster orbignyanus'' A. Agassiz, 1880 AphiaID: 422521". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  132. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Aslia pygmaea'' (Théel, 1886) AphiaID: 529439". Marinespecies.org. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  133. 1 2 Pawson, David L., Pawson, Doris J. & King, Rachael A. (2010). "A taxonomic guide to the Echinodermata of the South Atlantic Bight, USA: 1. Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)." (PDF). Zootaxa (2449): 1–48. ISSN 1175-5326. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  134. ↑ Museo de Biología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela. Catálogo de Echinodermata MBUCV-VI. Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de Ciencias. Instituto de Zoología Tropical Caracas – Venezuela.
  135. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Astichopus multifidus'' Fissured Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  136. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Astichopus multifidus'' (Sluiter, 1910) AphiaID: 241780". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  137. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Chiridota rotifera'' Worm Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  138. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Chiridota rotifera (Pourtalès, 1851) AphiaID: 422538". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  139. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Euthyonacta solida'' (Deichmann, 1930) AphiaID: 422524". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  140. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola'' Semper, 1868 AphiaID: 210814". Ojs.udo.edu.ve. 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  141. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Holothuria (Cystipus) cubana'' Ludwig, 1875 AphiaID: 241823". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  142. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Holothuria glaberrima'' Brown Rock Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  143. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Holothuria (Selenkothuria) glaberrima'' Selenka, 1867 AphiaID: 241851". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  144. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Holothuria grisea'' Gray Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  145. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea'' Selenka, 1867 AphiaID: 241833". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  146. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Holothuria impatiens'' Impatient Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  147. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Holothuria (Thymiosycia) impatiens'' (Forskål, 1775) AphiaID: 125185". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  148. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Holothuria mexicana'' Dunkey Dung Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  149. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Holothuria (Halodeima) mexicana'' Ludwig, 1875 AphiaID: 125180". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  151. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Holothuria parvula'' Golden Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  152. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Holothuria (Platyperona) parvula'' (Selenka, 1867) AphiaID: 125183". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  154. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Holothuria surinamensis'' Surinam Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  155. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Holothuria (Semperothuria) surinamensis'' Ludwig, 1875 AphiaID: 241858". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  156. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Holothuria thomasi'' Tiger Tail Sea Cocumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  157. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Thymiosycia) thomasi Pawson & Caycedo, 1980 AphiaID: 241876". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  158. ↑ Isostichopus badionotus. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ''Isostichopus badionotus'' Three-rowed Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  159. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Isostichopus badionotus'' (Selenka, 1867) AphiaID: 367868". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  161. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Lissothuria braziliensis'' (Théel, 1886) AphiaID: 529525". Marinespecies.org. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  163. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Pentamera pulcherrima'' Ayres, 1852 AphiaID: 149908". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  164. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Pseudothyone belli'' (Ludwig, 1887) AphiaID: 422535". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  165. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Sclerodactyla briareus'' (Lesueur, 1824) AphiaID: 158532". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  166. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Thyone pseudofusus'' Deichmann, 1930 AphiaID: 225684". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  167. ↑ "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ''Thyonidium seguroensis'' (Deichmann, 1930) AphiaID: 529705". Marinespecies.org. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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