List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars

This a chronological list of the last surviving veterans of military insurgencies, conflicts and wars around the world. The listed wars span from the 13th century BC to the beginning of World War II. Most last survivors of particular campaigns or wars were junior officers or soldiers/naval ratings of non-commissioned rank in the early years of their service careers at the time.

Classical antiquity

• Ramesses II (1303–1213 BC) – Egyptian Pharaoh who, as a young man, fought many battles with the Hittites and Shardana pirates and died aged 90.
• Aristodemus of Sparta (c. 530–479 BC) – The "Coward of Thermopylae", who was the only Spartan to survive the Battle of Thermopylae.^[1]
• Marcus Valerius Corvus (370 BC?–270 BC) – Led the Roman army in the First Samnite War and reputedly lived to the age of 100.^[2]
• King Masinissa (c. 238 BC–c. 148 BC) – Led the Numidians during the Second Punic War and died at the age of 90.

Middle Ages

• Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester (1040–1118) – Last of the Norman noblemen proven to have fought alongside William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings.^[3]

Early modern period

These cases, particularly with respect to the ages claimed by the veterans, cannot be verified as it was common in pre-industrialised societies for elders to exaggerate their age.

• Anton Grolekofsky (1671/1672?–1785) – Polish soldier who lived in Sweden. Claimed to have fought in the Nine Years' War, Russo-Swedish War (1741–43) and Polish-Swedish War.^[4][5]
• Andreas Nielsen (1660?–1782) – Norwegian soldier. Claimed to be the last Scanian War veteran, to have had a long military career and seen many battles.^[4][6]
• Christian Jacobsen Drakenberg (1626?–1772) – Norwegian sailor. Claimed to have fought for Frederick III of Denmark in the Dano-Swedish War (1657–58) and again from 1675 to 1681 in the Scanian War.^[7]

English Civil War (1642–51)

• William Hiseland (1620?–1732) – Wiltshire native. Fought for royalists in this war, Williamite War in Ireland and War of the Spanish Succession.^[8] Last survivor of Battle of Edgehill. Retired with rank of sergeant.^[9] For 80-year service to the king, he became one of the earliest admitted to Royal Hospital Chelsea.^[10]

First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–54)

• Richard Haddock (1629–1714) – Royal Navy.^[11]

Great Northern War (1700–21)

• Petro Kalnyshevsky (1691?–1803) – Last of the Zaporozhian Host. Also fought in 1735–39 and 1768–74 Russo-Turkish Wars (by which time he was an Ataman). The lifespan is highly unlikely, so the birthdate is most probably wrong.

War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14)

• Ambrose Bennett (or Tennant) (1693/1694?-1800) - served at the Battle of Malplaquet and reputedly died at the age of 106.^[12][13]

Jacobite risings (1719–45)

• Peter Grant (1714?–1824) – Scottish Jacobite Rebel. Fought at Culloden, Falkirk Muir and Prestonpans.^[14]
• George Browne (1698–1792) – Irish nobleman. Supported Old Pretender. Later became mercenary in Russian army.^[15]

War of the Polish Succession (1733–38)

• Jean Thurel (1698?–1807) – Died in France. Also served in the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War. Known as "oldest soldier of Europe."^[16]

Russo-Turkish wars (1735–74)

• Petro Kalnyshevsky (1691?–1803) – Last of the Zaporozhian Host and last known living veteran of the Great Northern War. Fought in the 1735–39 and 1768–74 Russo-Turkish Wars (by which time he was an Ataman).^[17]

War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48)

• Jean Thurel (1698?–1807) – Died in France. Also served in the War of the Polish Succession, the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War. Known as "oldest soldier of Europe."^[16]

French and Indian War (1754–63)

• Jonathan Benjamin (1738–1841) – Also fought in American Revolutionary War. Settled in Granville, Ohio in 1802.^[18]
• Robert Abercromby of Airthrey (1740–1827) – Died in Great Britain.^[19]
• Michel-Eustache-Gaspard-Alain Chartier de Lotbinière (1748–1822) – Died in Montreal, Quebec, British Empire.^[20]
• James Thompson (1733–1830) – Engineer in Frasers Highlanders. Settled in Quebec City.^[21][22]

Seven Years' War (1754–63)

• Johann Heinrich Behrens (1735?–1844) – Died in Germany.^[23]
• Ezekiel Blackmarr (1742–1841) – Britain. Born in the American colonies. Enlisted in British forces and was their last survivor of the Battle of Havana (1762)^[24]
• Paul François de Quelen de la Vauguyon (1746–1828) – Died in France.^[25]
• Henry Luttrell, 2nd Earl of Carhampton (1743–1821) – Died in Britain.^[26]

American Revolutionary War (1775–83)

• Daniel Bakeman (1759–1869) – Alleged veteran. Awarded pension via Congress, though no support of service has been located.^[27]
• John Gray (1764–1868) – Last verifiable veteran although period of service was too short for him for pension qualification.^[28]
• Samuel Downing (1764–1867)^[29]
• Lemuel Cook (1759–1866) – Last official veteran; honorable discharge signed by George Washington.^[30]

French Revolution (1789–99)

• Nicolas Savin (1768?–1894) – Enlisted in 2nd Regiment of Hussars in 1798. 1768 figure proclaims he was approximately 126 at time of death. Later served under Napoleon and was awarded the Legion d'Honneur.^[31]
• Giovanni Battista Campanella (1776?–1884) – France. Served in Italy during the French Revolutionary Wars and later in the 1812 Russian campaign.^[32][33]
• Yves Couédic (1774?–1883) – France. Fought in the Vendée in 1793^[34][35]
• Pierre Petit (1779–1882) – France. Served in the French invasion of Egypt^[36]
• Arthur Dardenne (1776–1872) – France. Last surviving person to have taken part in the Storming of the Bastille.^[37]

Irish Rebellion of 1798

• Thomas Keegan (1781?–1889) – Ireland.^[38]

Napoleonic Wars (1803–15)

• Vincent Markiewicz (1795?–1903) – Last Polish veteran. Fought for Napoleon.^[39][40] In 1912 there were three Polish men who claimed to have fought at Borodino, but it is unlikely they were real veterans due to lack of documentation and age ranges relatively high from 120 to 133.
• Jean Adrin (1797–1902) – Last French veteran.^[41]
• Geert Adriaans Boomgaard (1788–1899) – Last Dutch veteran and Europe's oldest man at the time of his death. He fought for France in the 33ème Régiment Léger.^[31]
• Louis Victor Baillot (1793–1898) – French veteran. Last Battle of Waterloo veteran. Saw action at siege of Hamburg.^[42]
• Pedro Martínez (1789?–1898) – Last Battle of Trafalgar veteran. Served in Spanish navy on San Juan Nepomuceno.^[31]
• Leonard Meesters (1796–1896) – Last Belgian veteran. Fought for Napoleon.^[31]
• Josephine Mazurkewicz (1794–1896) – Last female veteran. Assistant surgeon in Napoleon's army. Later partook in Crimean War.^[31]
• Sir Provo Wallis (1791–1892) – Canada.^[43]
• Morris Shea (1795–1892) – 73rd Foot – Last Scottish veteran.^[44]
• Vasilij Nikolaevich Kochetkov (1785?–1892) Russian Imperial Army. Enlisted 7 March 1811. Served in Grenadier Lifeguard Regiment at Borodino. Served 66 1/2 years until 12 October 1877 when wounded out of service in the Russian-Ottoman War.^[45][46][47]
• Joseph Sutherland (1789–1890) – Last English veteran. Royal Navy. Last British survivor of Trafalgar.^[48]

War of 1812 (1812–15)

• Hiram Cronk (1800–1905) – United States Army.^[49]
• Sir Provo Wallis (1791–1892) – Canadian Army. Royal Navy. Napoleonic veteran.^[43]

Greek War of Independence (1821–32)

• John W Stainer (1808–1907) – Royal Navy. Last survivor of the Battle of Navarino.^[50]

July Revolution (1830)

• Auguste Lebailly (1815–1911)^[51][52]

Belgian Revolution (1830–31)

• Philippe Demoulin (1809–1912) – Belgium^[53]

Texas War of Independence (1835–36)

• Alfonso Steele (1817–1911) – Last veteran of Battle of San Jacinto.^[54]
• James L. Allen (1815–1901) – Texan courier at Alamo.^[55]

Black Hawk War (1832)

• Henry L. Riggs (1812–1911)^[56]

Rebellions of 1837

• Nelson Truax (1818–1915) – Hunters' Lodges. Last survivor of the Battle of the Windmill^[57]
• François X. Matthieu (1818–1914) – Parti Patriote.^[58]
• Douglas Labalmondière (1815–1893) – Upper Canada Rebels.^[59]

Mexican-American War (1846–48)

• Owen Thomas Edgar (1831–1929) – United States Navy.^[60]
• Antonio Rincón Gallardo (c. 1833–1928) – Mexican Army.^[61] Enlisted at 13 years old and served at Churubusco in 1847.

Hungarian Revolution of 1848 (1848–49)

• Artúr Görgey (1818–1916) — Last Hungarian General.
• István Lebo (1826–1928) — Believed the last Hungarian veteran. Last resident of the Hungarian Veterans Home.
• József Fischl (1827–1929) — Last Hungarian veteran.^[62]

Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49)

• John Stratford (1829–1932) – British East India Company. Fought in the battles of Ramnagar, Challianwala, and Gujrat. Later served in the Anglo-Persian War as well as the Indian Mutiny.^[63]

First Schleswig War (1848–51)

• Jørgen Jørgensen Birkholm (1829–1931) – Last Danish veteran^[64]
• Detlef Marxen (c.1825 - 1930) – Last German veteran^[65]

Crimean War (1853–56)

• Charles Longden (1833–1938) – Last British survivor. Served in the Royal Engineers^[66][67]
• Yves Prigent (1833–1938) – French sailor.^[31]
• Charles Nathan (1834–1934) – Last French soldier. Saw action in Italy, Syria, Mexico and Franco-Prussian War.
• Edwin Hughes (1830–1927) – Last survivor of Charge of the Light Brigade.^[68]
• Edwin Bezar (1838–1936) – British soldier. Also last British soldier in New Zealand Wars.
• Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 10th Baronet (1835–1936) – possible last British Army officer (he died 9 months after Bezar).^[69][70]
• Luigi Parachini (c. 1832–1930) – Last Sardinian soldier. Served under general La Màrmora.^[71]
• Rookes Evelyn Bell Crompton (1845–1940). Claimed to have been a naval cadet on HMS Dragon during the siege of Sevastopol, earning two campaign medals before his twelfth birthday. There is no record of his having enrolled in the Royal Navy and at time of his visits to the Crimea (mid-May to mid-July 1856), nobody was entitled to the award of the British Crimea Medal.^[72] Later Colonel in British Army in Second Boer War.
• Timothy (c.1839–2004) – Ship's tortoise mascot of HMS Queen during the first bombardment of Sevastopol in the Crimean War (she was the last survivor of this war).^[73]

Seminole Wars (1816–58)

• Jacob C. Marsh (c. 1818–1917)^[74]

Indian Mutiny (1857–59)

• Robert Collinson d'Esterre Spottiswoode (1841–1936) – Last British Army veteran.^[75][76]
• Charles Palmer (1847–1940) – Nine-year-old boy who participated in the Siege of Lucknow

Third Italian War of Independence (1866)

• Giovanni Battista Egisto Sivelli (1843–1934) – Italy.^[77][78]

New Zealand Wars (1845–72)

• Edwin Bezar (1838–1936), last British soldier. Settled in New Zealand.

Second Italian War of Independence (1859)

• Anton Neubauer (1836–1941) – Last survivor of the Battle of Solferino.^[79][80]
• Amedeo Galle (1837–1936) – Italy.^[81]
• François Ribet (1835–1936) – France.^[82]
• William John Newby (1832–1934) – England. Last member of British Legion.^[83]

American Civil War (1861–65)

Union

• Albert Woolson (1850–1956)^[84]

Confederate

• Last surviving Confederate veterans

Name	Claimed birth date	Believed birth date	Death date	Status
Pleasant Crump	23 December 1847		31 December 1951	Verified
Felix M. Witkoski	5 January 1850	October 1854	3 February 1952	Dubious
Thomas Edwin Ross	19 July 1850		27 March 1952	Possible
Richard William Cumpston	23 May 1841		5 September 1952	Unknown
William Murphy Loudermilk[85]	23 October 1847[86]	April 1851[87]	18 September 1952	Possible
William Joshua Uncle Josh Bush[88][89]	10 July 1845	July 1846	11 November 1952	Verified[90]
Arnold Murray[91]	10 June 1846	1842/1855[92]	26 November 1952	Possible[93]
William Daniel Uncle Eli Townsend[88][94]	12 April 1846		22 February 1953	Verified[95]
William Albert Kinney	10 February 1843/1846[96]	10 February 1861[97]	23 June 1953	Probable[98]
Thomas Evans Riddle	16 April 1846[99]	1862[100]	2 April 1954	Possible[101]

Most cases are questionable, though it should be remembered that many Confederate records were destroyed or lost to history. Unlike the U.S. military archives, the Confederate records had no official archive system after the war. However, for most of the cases investigated, the ages of the claimants alone were enough to prove their claim was false. Walter Williams was generally acknowledged as the "last Confederate veteran" in 1950s newspapers. However, in September 1959 an exposé by The New York Times revealed that he was in fact born in 1854 in Itawamba County, Mississippi, and not 1842 as claimed. Still, since Salling and all the other claimants were dead, Williams was celebrated as the last Confederate veteran after his death on 20 December 1959.^[102]

Salling's own status is disputed. In 1991, William Marvel examined the claims of Salling and several other "last Civil War veterans" for a piece in the Civil War history magazine Blue & Gray. Marvel found census data that indicated Salling was born in 1858, not 1846. Although in 1900 Salling supplied a birthdate of March 1858, he appears to have been born around 1856, still too late to have served in the Confederate Army. The 1860 census lists him as 4 years old, and the 1870 census as 14.^[103] William Lundy is listed as 1 year old on the 1860 census, and from 1870 until 1930 he gave census marshals ages that reflected birthdates as early as 1853 and as late as 1860. He did not push his birthdate back to the 1840s until he applied for a Confederate pension from the state of Florida. In the same piece, Marvel confirmed Woolson's claim to be the last surviving Union veteran and asserted that Woolson was the last genuine Civil War veteran on either side. However, Marvel did not present research establishing who, among the several other Confederate claims from the 1950s, some of which appear to be genuine, was the real last Confederate veteran.

French invasion of Mexico (1861–67)

• Jules Pujos (1846–1942) – France.^[31]
• Francisco Arellano Zenteno (1842–1935) – Mexico. Fought at the battles of Puebla, La Carbonera and Tuxtepec. Had previously served in the Reform War.^[104]

January Uprising (1863–65)

• Feliks Bartczuk (1846–1946) – Last veteran.^[105]

Second Schleswig War (1864)

• Ove Henning Jacobsen (1841–1941) – Last Danish veteran.^[106]

Expedition to Abyssinia (1867–68)

• Adrian Jones (sculptor) (1845–1938) – served as veterinary officer, believed to be last British survivor.^[107] Also served in First Boer War and Nile Expedition.

Indian Wars (1622-1924)

• Josiah Allen (1800–1891) – Enlisted at 14 to serve in the Creek War. Later served in the War of 1812.^[108]
• David McCoy (1790–1895) – Fought in Tecumseh's War. Saw Chief Tecumseh die while fighting in the Battle of the Thames. Served in the War of 1812^[109]
• John Daw (1870–1965)^[110][111]
• William James Howard (1826–1924) – fought in the Mariposa War in Yosemite Valley.^[112]
• Dewey Beard (1857–1955) – Native American from Lakota tribe. Last survivor of Battle of the Little Big Horn.^[113] Also fought at Wounded Knee.^[114]
• Hubert V. Eva (1869–1971) – Last participant of the Battle of Sugar Point, last battle fought between Native Americans and the U.S. Army^[115]
• Frederick Fraske (1872–1973) – Last U.S Army veteran^[116]
• Otto D. Van Norman (1876–1981) – Served in the local posse during the Battle of Kelley Creek^[117]

Franco-Prussian War (1870–71)

• Seraphin Pruvost (1849–1955) – Last French veteran.^[31]
• Karl Glöckner (1845–1953) – Last German veteran.^[31]

Paris Commune (1871)

• Adrien Lejeune (1847–1942) – Last Communard.^[31][118]
• Emile Chausse (1850–1941) – Left army and joined the communards in 1870.^[31]
• Antonin Desfarges (1851–1941) – Last Communard député.^[31]

Third Anglo-Ashanti War (1873–74)

• Harry Figg (1855–1953) – possible last British service veteran, died in Australia. Also served in First Boer War and Second Boer War.

Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)

• Konstantin Vikent'evich Hrutskij (1855–1967) – Preobrazhenskij Lifeguard Regiment.^[119] Claim is not fully verified, and Hrutskij's own accounts of his experience contradict historical records.^[120]

Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–80)

• Alfred Hawker (1858–1962) – last British Army survivor^[121]

Zulu War (1879)

• Charles Wallace Warden (died 1953) – Transferred to First Foot in 1874.^[122]
• Frank Bourne (1854–1945) – Last survivor of Rorke's Drift.^[123]

War of the Pacific (1879–84)

• Ricardo Orellana Olate (1860–1967) – Chilean Army^[124][125]

First Boer War (1880–81)

• Harry Figg (1855–1953) – possibly last British Army survivor of this war, fought at Majuba Hill and Laing's Nek. (Previously served 1873 Anglo-Ashanti War.)

Anglo-Egyptian War (1882)

• Sir Dudley de Chair (1864–1958) – British Army. ^[126]

Mahdist War (1882–99)

• James Richard Miles (1879–1977) – Britain. Fought at the Battle of Omdurman.^[127]

Nile Expedition (1884–85)

• Sir Reginald Wingate (1861–1953) – last British officer survivor (later General in World War I).

Northwest Rebellion (1885)

• William D. Mills (1866–1971)^[128]
• Honoré Jackson (1861–1952)^[129]

Cuban War of Independence (1895–98)

• Juan Fajardo Vega (1881–1990) – Cuban Liberation Army. Later served in the 1912 Negro Rebellion and the Cuban Revolution.^[130][131]

Spanish–American War (1898)

• Jones Morgan (1882–1993)^[132]
• Aurelio Diaz Campillo (1878–1989)^[133] – Spain

Second Boer War (1899–1902)

• George Frederick Ives (1881–1993) – British army. Later emigrated to Canada.^[134]
• Pieter Arnoldus Krueler (1885–1986) – Boer army. Later served in both world wars and the Spanish Civil War and was a mercenary in the Congo Crisis.^[135]

Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901) and the Philippine–American War (1899–1902)

• Nathan E. Cook (1885–1992)^[136]

Potemkin Mutiny (1905)

• Ivan Beshoff (1885–1987) – Sailor on Russian battleship Potemkin. Fled to Ireland and opened a fish and chips shop.^[137]

Russo-Japanese War (1904–05)

• Mamoru Eto (1883–1992) – Japanese Army^[138]
• Alex Gory (1881–1989) – Russian Army^[139]

Macedonian Struggle (1904–08)

• Christos Papantoniou (1890–1995) – Greece^[140]

Mexican Revolution (1910–20)

• Juan Carlos Caballero Vega (1900–2010) – Pancho Villa's driver.^[141]
• Feliciano Mejia (1899–2008) – Last living member of Emiliano Zapata's Ejército Libertador del Sur.^[142][143]
• Antonio Gómez Delgado (1900–2007) – Last living member of Pancho Villa's División del Norte^[144][145]
• Teodoro García (1889–1999) – Last Federal soldier.^[146][147]

Italo-Turkish War (1911–12)

• Nunzio Luigi Ciannilli (1889–1992) – Italian Colonial Forces. Also served in World War I^[148]

Balkan Wars (1912–13)

• Lăcătușu Dumitrașcu (1891–1999) – Romanian Army. Also served in WWI and WWII^[149]
• Christos Papantoniou (1890–1995) – Greek Army. Also served in WWI and WWII.^[140]
• Hristo Getov-Obbov (1893–1994) – Bulgarian Army.^[150]
• Hüseyin Kaçmaz (1884–1994) – Ottoman Army. Also served in WWI.^[151]
• Danilo Dajković (1895–1993) – Montenegrin Army. Also served in WWI.^[152]

World War I (1914–18)

• Florence Green (1901–2012) – Britain. Last veteran of World War I from any country. Served as an officer's mess steward in the Women's Royal Air Force.
• Claude Choules (1901–2011) – Britain. Last combat veteran. Served in the Royal Navy. Also last veteran to serve in both World Wars.
• Harry Patch (1898–2009) – Britain. Last soldier to fight in the trenches.
• Franz Künstler (1900–2008) – Austria-Hungary. Last veteran from the Central Powers.

Easter Rising (1916)

• John "Jack" Rogers (1894–2000) – British Army. Also served in WWI.^[153]
• Lily Kempson (1897–1996) – Irish Citizen Army.^[154]

October Revolution (1917)

• Boris Gudz (1902–2006) – Red Army. Also fought in Russian Civil War.^[155]

Russian Civil War (1917–22)

Russian participants:

• Boris Gudz (1902–2006) – Red Army. Also fought in October Revolution.^[155]
• Nikolai Fyodorov (1901–2003) – White Army.^[156]

Veterans of Allied military intervention forces:

• Warren V. Hileman (1901–2005) – last US Army veteran of Polar Bear Expedition.^[157][158]
• Harold Edwin Radford (1897–2003) – last known Canadian veteran, was stationed at Vladivostok.^[159]
• Jean Piry (1896–2003) – last known French Army veteran^[160]
• Frank William Ivers (1902–2003) – last known British veteran, served in Royal Navy off north Russia.
• Harold Gunnes (1899–2003) – last US Navy veteran of the Polar Bear Expedition. Saw action against the Bolsheviks on USS Olympia (C-6) in 1918.

Finnish Civil War (1918)

• Lauri Nurminen (1906–2009) – White Guards.^[161]
• Aarne Arvonen (1897–2009) – Red Guards.^[162]

Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19)

• Jan Rzepa (1899–2005) – Last Polish fighter.^[163]

German Revolution of 1918–19

• Helmut Fink (1901–2009) – Freikorps.^[164][165]
• William Seegers ( Also second last German World War One Veteran) (1900–2007) – German Army.^[166]

Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–19)

• Major Aleksander Sałacki (1904–2008) – Last surviving Lwów Eaglet.^[167][168]

Estonian War of Independence (1918–20)

• Ants Ilus (1901–2006) – Died in Estonia.^[169]
• Karl Jaanus (1899–2000) – Last surviving Cross of Liberty recipient awarded during war.^[170]

Latvian War of Independence (1918–20)

• Arnolds Hofmanis (1900–2006) – Died in Tukums, Latvia.^[171]
• Arvīds Lauris (1901–2003) – Last surviving Order of Lāčplēsis recipient awarded during war.^[172]

Irish War of Independence (1919–21)

• Dan Keating (1902–2007) – Irish Republican Army.^[173]
• Bert Clark (1899–2005) – British Army.^[174]
• Hugh McIvor (1901–2002) – Last survivor of the Royal Irish Constabulary^[175]

Polish–Soviet War (1919–21)

• Alexander Imich (1903–2014) - Poland.^[176]

Silesian Uprisings (1919–21)

• Wilhelm Meisel (1904–2009) – Last survivor.^[177][178]

Polish–Lithuanian War (1919–20)

• Stefan Jan Ostrowski (1902–2003) – Poland. Also fought against the Soviets.^[179]
• Česlovas Januškevičius (1900–2001) – Lithuania.^[180]

Lithuanian Wars of Independence (1918–20)

• Kazys Varkala (1900–2005) – Lithuania. Fought against the Soviets and the Bermontians^[181]
• Česlovas Januškevičius (1900–2001) – Lithuania. Fought the Polish in 1920.^[180]

Turkish War of Independence (1919–23)

• Mustafa Şekip Birgöl (1903–2008) – Died in Turkey.^[182]

Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)

• Veysel Turan (1901–2007) – Turkey
• Napoleon Patricios (1899–2006)^[183] – Greece. Served on board the destroyer Ierax.

Rif War (1920-1926)

• Francisco Núñez Olivera (born 1904) – Spain. ^[184]

March on Rome (1922)

• Vasco Bruttomesso (1903–2009)^[185]

Northern Expedition (1926–28)

• Tsien Tsuen-hsuin (1909–2015) – National Revolutionary Army.^[186]

Cristero War (1926–29)

• Juan Daniel Macías Villegas (1912–2016) – Last surviving Cristero.^[187]

Nanchang Uprising (1927)

• Xiao Ke (1907–2008) – Last Communist officer.^[188]

Brazilian Revolution of 1930

• Waldemar Levy Cardoso (1900–2009) – Brazilian army.^[189]

Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)

• Delmer Berg (1915–2016) - United States. Last veteran of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade
• Günther Scholz (1911–2014) - Germany. Last veteran of the Condor Legion.
• Four Republicans and three Nationalists still living in 2016.

World War II (1939-1945)

• Richard E. Cole (born 1915) - United States. Last veteran of the Doolittle Raid

See also

• Last surviving United States war veterans
• List of surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War
• List of centenarians (military commanders)

References

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2. Livy
3. Edward T. Beaumont, J.P. The Beaumonts in History. A.D. 850-1850. Oxford.
4. Jeune, Bernard; and Vaupel, James W. (1999). "Validation of exceptional longevity". Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark. ISBN 978-87-7838-466-9.
5. Jeune and Vaupel, p.45.
6. Jeune and Vaupel, p.61.
7. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 8; Volume 20. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1998. p. 428. ISBN 978-0-85229-633-2.
8. White, William (1906). Notes and queries, Volume 114. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 82.
9. Winder, Robert (9 May 1999). "It's a grand life for Chelsea's men in scarlet". The Independent. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
10. "A SOLDIER OF GREAT AGE.". The New York Times. 10 February 1886. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
11. Dunkin, A. J. (1855). "The Haddocks of Wrotham". The Archaeological mine, antiquarian nuggets relating to Kent. London: John Russell Smith. pp. 43–8.
14. Love, Dana (2013). Jacobite Stories. Neil Wilson Publishing.
15. Histoire de la vie du Comte George de Browne, Comté du Saint-Empire, Gouverneur-Général de Livonie et d'Esthonie, général en chef des armées de Sa Majesté l'impératrice de toutes les Russies (in French). I.F. Hartknoch. 1794.
16. Brown, Charles Brockden; Walsh, Robert (1808). The American register, or general repository of history, politics and science, Volume 2. Philadelphia: C & A. Conrad and Company. p. 408.
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29. Taylor, Maureen (2003). "The Last Men of the Revolution" (PDF). American Spirit. pp. 30–31. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
30. Cook, Burr. "Lemuel Cook". The Burr. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
31. Mathieu, Frédéric (2008). Napoléon, les derniers témoins (in French). Éditions Sébirot. ISBN 978-2-9532726-0-4.
32. E. Treves (1884). L'Illustrazione popolare (in Italian). 20. p. 542.
33. "Een veteraan van Napoleon's leger" (in Dutch). Haarlemsch Advertentieblad. February 27, 1884. p. 2.
34. "La mort d'un brigand" (PDF) (in French). Le Républicain de la Loire. November 18, 1883.
35. "COUDEIC Yves". Les derniers soldats de l'Empire (in French). Retrieved 2014-09-12.
36. "PETIT Pierre". Les derniers soldats de l'Empire (in French). Retrieved 2014-09-12.
37. Necrological Table. The British Almanac. 1873. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
38. The Cultivator & Country Gentlemen. L Tucker & Son. 1889. p. 275. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
39. Lambruso, Albert (March 1902). Revue Napoléonienne (in French). pp. 189 to 193.
40. Albert Lambruso (1902). Revue Napoléonienne. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
42. Bibet/Librairie des deux empires, Jean-Pierre (1998). "Louis-Victor Baillot, le dernier survivant de Waterloo." (in French). Histoire du Consulat et du Premier Empire. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
43. Christie, Carl (1990). "Wallis, Sir Provo William Parry". In Halpenny, Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
44. Ray, Jarred; Ray, Ron (2009). "Some History Relevant to the 73rd Regiment of Foot" (PDF). The Garrison Gazette. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
45. http://soviet-awards.com/forum/soviet-bloc-awards/imperial-russian-sphere-resulting-nations/russian-empire/95660-vasilij-nikolaevich-kochetkov.html#post225591
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48. "THE BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR.". Ancestry.com. 13 April 1889. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
49. Henley, Benjamin James (1911). The art of longevity ... Syracause: New Warner Co. pp. 205–208.
50. Kenneth Douglas-Morris (April 19, 2012). Naval General Service Medal Roll 1793-1840. Andrews UK Limited. p. 310.
51. "LAST SURVIVOR OF JULY REVOLUTION IS DEAD". The San Francisco Call. 3 December 1911. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
52. Je sais tout (in French). 1905. p. 470. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
53. "Le dernier combattant de 1830" (in French). Retrieved 2012-08-12.
54. Steele, Alfonso; Houston, Sam (1836). Biography of Private Alfonso Steele: deceased, last survivor of the Battle of San Jacinto, together with Mr. Steele's account of the campaign and fight, and the official report of General Sam Houston, with complete roster of the commands composing the little army. s.n.
55. Groneman, Bill (1990). Alamo defenders: a genealogy, the people and their words. New York: Eakins Press. p. 1.
56. "DEATH OF THE LAST SURVIVOR OF THE BLACK HAWK WAR.". 14. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 1922.
57. "Nelson Truax, Last Survivor of the Battle of the Windmill". Watertown Daily Times. 1923. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
58. Lyman, H.S. (1900). Reminiscences of FX Matthieu. 1. Portland: Oregon Historical Society.
59. Fido, Martin; Skinner, Keith (1999). The Official Encyclopedia of Scotland Yard. London: Virgin Books.
60. Associated Press (September 1929). "Mexican War's Last Survivor, 98, is Dead". The Dallas Morning News.
61. "Last Mexican Veteran Of War With U. S. Dies". newspaper. The Evening News. Feb 6, 1928.
62. "Százkét éves korában influenzában meghalt a legutolsó negyvennyolcas honvéd". Huszadik Század. 1929. Retrieved 2014-06-21.
63. "Wolverhampton says goodbye to a century-old soldier". Black Country Bugle. 24 November 2005. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
64. "En Veteran Fra 48, der fylder 100 Ar" (in Danish). MyHeritage. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
65. "War Veteran of 104". newspaper. The Auckland Star. 14 June 1930. p. 3. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
66. "Crimean veteran passes". Trove Digitized Newspapers. 20 December 1938. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
67. "Last Post Sounds For Crimean Veteran". Trove Digitized Newspapers. 18 December 1938. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
68. "Hall of Fame: Balaclava Ned". BBC News. 27 July 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
69. "Sir Fitzroy Maclean". 23 November 1936. Retrieved 2009-03-06. Sir Fitzroy Donald Maclean, Bt., who died yesterday at Duart Castle, Isle of Mull, at the age of 101, Chief of his Clan and a Crimean veteran, was one of the best known of the "grand old men" of Scotland. When a boy in his early teens he was taken by his father to see the ruins of Duart Castle, burnt to the ground two centuries before, and then made a vow to restore it to its former glory. The vow was redeemed in 1912, when the yellow banner of the Chief of the Clan once more floated over the castle walls amid the rejoicings of the chieftains and clansmen from all parts of the world. …
70. MacLean, John Patterson (1889). A History of the Clan MacLean from Its First Settlement at Duard Castle, in the Isle of Mull, to the Present Period: Including a Genealogical Account of Some of the Principal Families Together with Their Heraldry, Legends, Superstitions, etc. R. Clarke & Company. Sir Fitzroy Donald MacLean, Bart., Twenty-sixth Chief of MacLean and tenth Baronet of Morvern, was born May 18, 1835. On May 18, 1855 he received the Crimean medal for his gallant conduct in the Crimea. He also received two clasps and the Turkish war medal.
71. "LAST SURVIVOR OF CRIMEA WAR DIES BUSTO ARSIZIO". Sandusky, Ohio: The Sandusky Register. 28 May 1930. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
72. "IET Archives, history, biographies, online exhibitions and research guides". The IET. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
73. 'Timmy the tortoise dies aged 160' BBC News 7 April 2004
74. "Last Survivor of Seminole War Succumbs at 99". Salt Lake Telegram. Associated Press. February 12, 1917.
75. "Officers at the Cavalry Depôt in Canterbury–1878". Hussar Photos. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
76. "Col. Spottiswoode Dies". The Montreal Gazette. 1936. Retrieved 2011-12-12.
77. 1886–1986, Il Secolo XIX, Genova, 1986 pag. 302
78. I Garibaldini liguri sul sito del Museo del Risorgimento di Genova
79. "Hero Celebrates 100th Birthday". The Ogden Standard-Examiner. July 16, 1936. p. 4. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
80. J. Marwil (2010). Visiting Modern War in Risorgimento Italy. Springer. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
81. "NONAGENARIAN'S DEATH: Veteran of Garibaldi Campaigns". The West Australian. August 31, 1936. p. 18.
82. "Campagnes de Crimée (1853-1856), d'Italie (1859), d'Afrique (1864), du Mexique (1862-1867)" (in French). derniersveterans.free.fr. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
83. "Garibaldi Survivor". The Barrier Miner. March 28, 1934. p. 4.
84. The Banner (1956). "Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War: Albert Woolson". Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
85. Polston, Mike. "WILLIAM LOUDERMILK, THE LAST CONFEDERATE". Couch Genealogy. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
86. 'George Washington Loudermilk's Ancestors." Aline Loudermilk Jones compiled this massive genealogy 2007. It is online. The 1930 census also gives him a birth date consistent with late 1847. Between 1949 and his death in 1952 three Arkansas newspapers and four nation wide papers and magazines gave his age as being consistent with a birth date of late 1847 and 'The New York Times' was specific. The stories were not syndicated.
87. 1900 US Census gives age as 49. The censuses give Loudermilk a wide range of ages, some make him younger than a decade before, other age him nineteen years in ten
88. "Last Surviving Confederate Veterans". Genealogy Trails. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
90. William Joshua Bush shows up as enlisted in Company B Ramah Guards, 14th Georgia Infantry where he served from July 1861 to his discharge that October. His service with the Georgia State Militia from October 1864 to their surrender in late April 1865 was also verified by the Georgia State Pensions in 1936 (see http://cdm.sos. state ga.us 2011/cdm/compoundobject collection/Testapps/id/149449/rec/1) apart from the muster rolls the adjutant-general verified his other documents. These include his soldier's card, a pay slip and his 1861 discharge. Between them these documents bear five different signatures. Bush may have also served in the 66th Georgia between August 1863 and October 1864.
91. "ARNOLD MURRAY Confederate Veteran living in 1950". Sons of Confederate Veterans. 2005-08-05. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
92. "ARNOLD MURRAY Confederate Veteran living in 1950." Posted J. Block August 5th 2005. This article mentions the stated 1854/1855 census birthdate – and also the 1920 census birthdate for 1847–48. The censuses of 1910 1930 and 1940 also give 1840s birthdates. Life magazine in the May 30th issue on page 9 gives his age as 101. In The South's Last Boys in Gray Professor J S. Hoar lists twenty-two known enlisted Confederates under eleven. See pp1733-1734.
93. Find a Grave "Arnold Murray 1846-1952" has a civil War era photo of Arnold Murray as a young soldier. TennRebGirl.com 3/4/14 has him in a group photo at a 1913 Confederate reunion. In the 1930 census he affirmed both Civil War service and a birthdate in the later 1840s.
94. Find A grave
95. Townsend's 1861 enlistment in Company B. 27th Louisiana Infantry is recorded on their muster roll in Andrew B. Booth's Military Records of Louisiana Confederate Soldiers and Louisiana Confederate Commands. and also in the LouisianaInfantryDataBase. ancestry.com has six primary source documents in his name; an 1862 sickness furlough, a clothing allocation, a Vicksburg prisoner of war roll where he is listed and his signed parole.
96. In Professor Jay S. Hoar's The South's Last Boy's in Gray(page 1700) he states that Kiney lied about his age by three years so as to be old enough to enlist. The 1850 census gives his age as four and his birthplace as Bracken County Kentucky. The first names of his parents in that document match those in a 1991 letter to Professor Hoar written by Kiney's granddaughter.
97. This birthdate comes from the February 1991 article "The Great Imposters" by William Marvel and is also in the 1900 and 1920 censuses for a man who spells his name Kinney. This birthdate also appears in a March 1920 marriage record for a William A. Kiney of Indianapolis. Kiney lived in this city. These documents are discussed in the entry "William A. Kiney" in the Find A Grave Forum.
98. Kiney has three primary source records of his enlistments apart from records kept by his family. In Official Records it states that he was in 5th Regiment Kentucky Mounted Infantry. This enlistment is also mentioned in Kentucky Adjutant General's Report – Confederate Volunteers 1861–1865, Vol.1 page 254 entry 80, where Kiney's enlistment is dated on November 1st 1861. Wikipedia's entry on this unit states that they were disbanded in October 1862 and the troops were given a three way choice, discharge, reenlistment or joining the Kentucky Cavalry. Kiney went with the last option as he enlisted in Company l of Diamond's 10th Kentucky Cavalry on 18th November 1863. (This extract is from the book The 10th Kentucky Cavalry CSA by John B. Wells & Jim Pritchard. See Roster of Diamond's 10th Kentucky Cavalry CSA www.potterflats.com10thKyhtml) Professor Hoare's segment on Kiney in The South's Last Boys in Gray reproduces an excerpt of Lloyd B. Walton's article "He's a Man Even at 109" from The Indianapolis Times September 14th 1952. Here Kiney speaks of his Civil War experience, recalling that he was in most of the war and that Shiloh was his toughest fight. Find a Graveshows his tombstone with the 2nd Kentucky Cavalry inscribed as his unit. They are not known to have had a muster roll.
99. This information comes from the 1850 census. Later censuses give a wide range of dates.
100. 1910 Census gives age as 48
101. Thomas Evans Riddle is enlisted under his full name in the reproduced muster roll in Terry D. Lowry's History of the 22nd Virginia Infantry. He is also listed as just Thomas Riddle and in the same company in John C. Wayland's Muster Roll of Confederate Soldiers. He apparently transferred regiments for in Official Recordshe appears on the muster roll of Company I 33rd Virginia Infantry. John B. Sheets of that same company kept a diary where Thomas Riddle is mentioned on February 26th 1863. Against this evidence is the fact that Lowry cautions against believing Riddle and that some of Riddle's descendants warn that due to census information, he could not have served in the Civil War. See their website "Our Family" by David Autry.
102. Associated Press (20 December 1959). "Reputed Last Civil War Veteran Dies in Texas After Long Illness: Walter Williams Put His Age at 117 – Tributes Note the End of an Era". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
103. Marvel, William (1991). The great imposters. VIII. Columbus: Blue and Gray. pp. 32–33.
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105. Jakubik, Marian; Kołodziejczyk, Arkadiusz (2002). Żołnierska danina życia od 1657 roku (in Polish). IHAP. p. 158. ISBN 978-83-87088-59-0.
106. http://hammerum-herred.dk/readarticle.php?article_id=18
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138. "Finding Aid for the Reverend Eto Mamoru Papers, 1918–1991". Online Archive of California. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
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140. "The last Macedonian Christos Papantoniou" (Magazine) (in Greek) (352). Macedonian Life. 1995.
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145. Servin, Fernando Camacho (13 February 2005). "De nada sirvió lo que se hizo en la Revolución" (in Spanish). La Jornada. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
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148. Gentile, Giuseppe. "I 103 anni di Nunzio Luigi Ciannilli (1889–1992)" (in Italian). Sistema Informativo Globale del Comune di Serracapriola. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
149. Benone Neagoe (April 18, 2011). ""Am avut trei mari pasiuni în viaţă: Basarabia, pământul în care m-am născut, familia şi armata" – interviu cu colonelul (r) Gheorghe Lăcătuşu, veteran de război" (in Romanian). Dor de Basarabia. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
150. George Danailov (2002). As far as I Remember (in Bulgarian). Abagar.
151. "ÇANAKKALE ZAFERİ'NİN 96. YIL DÖNÜMÜ -ETKİNLİKLER KAPSAMINDA İSTİKLAL GAZİSİ HÜSEYİN KAÇMAZ'IN OĞLU TURGUT KAÇMAZ'IN "SAKLI HATIRALAR" FOTOĞRAF SERGİSİ AÇILDI" (in Turkish). Haber3. 15 March 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
152. Петнаестогодишњица упокојења Митрополита црногорско-приморског Г. Данила (1895–1993) (in Serbian). Serbian Orthodox Church. September 12, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
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162. Suomen Tietotoimisto (16 January 2009). "Viimeinen sisällissodan veteraani kuoli 111-vuotiaana" (in Finnish). Uusi Suomi. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
163. Roszak, Dariusz. "JAN RZEPA" (in Polish). Wronieckie Stowarzyszenie Historyczne.
164. Sulanke, Alexander (2009-03-18). "Schlagzeuger (fast 18) trifft Flötisten (108)" [A life full of music – since 108 years] (in German). Hamburger Abendblatt. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
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168. Strzoda, Ewa (15 April 2008). "Odszedł niezwykły tyszanin" (PDF) (in Polish). Twoje Tychy. p. 4. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
169. "IN MEMORIAM Vabadussõja veteran Ants Ilus 1901–2006" (in Estonian). Kaitseliit. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
170. Pihlak, Jaak (2005). "PILISTVERE KIHELKOND JA VABADUSE RISTI VENNAD" (PDF) (in Estonian). Viljandi Muuseum. pp. 107–108. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
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174. Max Arthur (2014). Last Post: The Final Word From Our First World War Soldiers. Orion Publishing Group.
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176. New Yorker officially deemed oldest living man on Earth
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178. "Odszedł najstarszy Ślązak". Dziennik Zachodni (in Polish). Nowiny. 10 June 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
179. Wojciech Zmyślony. "Stefan Ostrowski" (in Polish). PolishAirForce.pl. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
180. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija, VIII t. Vilnius: Science and encyclopedias publishing institute, 2005. T.8: Imhof-Junusas.
181. "Mirė paskutinis Nepriklausomybės kovų savanoris" (in Lithuanian). Delfi News. 2005. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
182. Hürriyet (11 November 2008). "Mustafa Şekip Birgöl (1903–2008)" (in Turkish). Kim Kimdir?. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
183. "Napoleon Patricios (1899-2006)". Geni.com. Retrieved 2015-07-26.
184. Eduard Del Campo (January 24, 2016). "El abuelo del planeta es español" (in Spanish). El Mundo. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
185. Frattina, Giannino (3 January 2009). "Varese, è morto l'ultimo veterano della Marcia su Roma: aveva 105 anni" (in Italian). il Giornale. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
186. "Tsuen-hsuin Tsien, Curator Emeritus of the East Asian Collection, 1910–2015". University of Chicago Library. 14 April 2015.
187. Diego Lopez Marina (11 March 2016). "Last known Cristero soldier in Mexico dies at 103". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
188. 萧克29岁当红军最年轻方面军领导人 (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. 18 July 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
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