List of zamindari estates in Madras Presidency
Zamindaris were established in the Madras Presidency by the government of the British East India Company starting from 1799 onwards. These settlements were established in order to delineate authority to landlords and thereby relieve the ryot from the control of middlemen who often exploited them. Often, these zamindars were Indian princes who lost their sovereignty due to British expansion. The zamindari settlement was based on a similar settlement established in Bengal. The Zamindari settlement of Madras was largely unsuccessful and was wrapped up in 1852. However, a few Zamindaris remained till India's independence in 1947.
Land proprietorship in Madras Presidency
Madras Presidency comprised an area of 148,796 square miles (385,380 km2), of which 141,705 square miles (367,010 km2) were under direct British rule while the rest was distributed amongst the princely states. In the areas administered by the British, three systems of land proprietorship existed: zamindaris, inams and ryotwaris.
In 1911, zamindari estates covered 26 million acres (110,000 km2) and occupied over one-fourth of the total area of the presidency.[1] In 1945-46, there were 20,945,456 acres (84,763.25 km2) of Zamindari estates which yielded a revenue of Rs. 97,83,167 and 58,904,798 acres (238,379.26 km2) of ryotwari lands which yielded a revenue of Rs. 7,26,65,330.[2]
Zamindaris from 1799 to 1852
The zamindari system was introduced in the Madras Presidency in 1799 in the aftermath of the defeat of the Polygars in the Polygar Wars.
Zamindaris in 1877-1920
In 1877, C. D.Maclean made a survey of the existing zamindaris under the jurisdiction of Madras Presidency. As per this survey, a few of these zamindaris were larger than some of the smaller princely states in the Presidency. The largest of these, Vizianagaram which is 12000 sq miles, Ramnad, Ganapur and Sivaganga, Ramnad and Sivaganga being demoted princely states, were larger in size than the princely states of Cochin or Pudukkottai. Ramnad, the larger of the two, covered an area of 2,351 square miles (6,090 km2), and was second only to Travancore amongst princely states in Madras Presidency. Karvatinuggur, Kalahasti, Nuzvid, Poonganur, Paralekhemidi and Podile and Darsi divisions of Venkatagiri were larger in size than the princely state of Banganapalle while Virasanapettah, Arni and Kanguni were larger than Sandur.
| List of zamindaris in Madras Presidency in the year 1877 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zamindari | Area (in square miles) |
Population in 1877 | Revenue paid to the Madras government in 1877 (in rupees) | ||||||||
| Chengalpattu district | |||||||||||
| Kayapakkam | 2 | 670 | |||||||||
| Ganjam district | |||||||||||
| Akkayavalasa | 1 | 788 | 278 | ||||||||
| Asika | 3.56 | 7,712 | 4,857 | ||||||||
| Athgarh | 149.37 | 77,228 | 60,000 | ||||||||
| Baruva | 10.25 | 8,454 | 7,800 | ||||||||
| Beddam | 1.75 | 217 | 89 | ||||||||
| Belamarapalavalasa | 2.33 | 855 | |||||||||
| Beridi | 14.75 | 10,960 | 4,500 | ||||||||
| Budharsinghi | 4.25 | 3,244 | 500 | ||||||||
| Chackipalli | 0.75 | 1,018 | 869 | ||||||||
| Chikiti | 64.5 | 40,789 | 34,000 | ||||||||
| Chinnakemidi | 55.31 | 29,849 | 20,000 | ||||||||
| Chinnatangam | 7.43 | 395 | 424 | ||||||||
| Chittivalasa | 1 | 5,698 | 2,074 | ||||||||
| Danta | 4.06 | 3,220 | 3,309 | ||||||||
| Dharakot | 50.25 | 31,262 | 25,000 | ||||||||
| Davabhumi | 4 | 3,539 | 5,188 | ||||||||
| Gopalpur | 1,171 | 5,165 | 3,699 | ||||||||
| Jalantar | 25.5 | 18,450 | 7,000 | ||||||||
| Jarada | 9 | 5,813 | 1,002 | ||||||||
| Jarangi | 2.75 | 2,336 | 1,002 | ||||||||
| Jonnupada | 0.31 | 138 | 93 | ||||||||
| Khallikot | 84 | 42,589 | 19,000 | ||||||||
| Karakavalasa | 9.06 | 7,795 | 4,048 | ||||||||
| Konsalacuttur | 0.33 | 574 | 393 | ||||||||
| Kurla | 3.75 | 5,457 | 5,455 | ||||||||
| Lusaram | 0.75 | 320 | 332 | ||||||||
| Malgam | 1.56 | 916 | 572 | ||||||||
| Mandasa | 35.75 | 34,508 | 14,000 | ||||||||
| Mungatavalasa | 5.75 | 3,695 | 4,048 | ||||||||
| Palur | 16.31 | 4,173 | 553 | ||||||||
| Paralekhemedi | 451.5 | 252,391 | 82,139 | ||||||||
| Peddakemidi | 78.43 | 40,810 | 23,500 | ||||||||
| Peddatangam | 0.31 | 564 | 424 | ||||||||
| Rajapur | 0.18 | 266 | 76 | ||||||||
| Santalaksimipur | 7.06 | 485 | 1,192 | ||||||||
| Seddibeharakuttur | 0.25 | 109 | 103 | ||||||||
| Seerghar | 20.75 | 9,595 | 5,500 | ||||||||
| Srikurmana (part of Vizianagaram) |
17.75 | 16,927 | Included in Vizianagaram | ||||||||
| Surada | 46 | 15,324 | 4,000 | ||||||||
| Surangi | 14.75 | 12,919 | 3,500 | ||||||||
| Talasamudram | 1.37 | 923 | 2,383 | ||||||||
| Takkali Estates | 61.56 | 58,054 | 49,088 | ||||||||
| Tallavalasa | 0.37 | 387 | 424 | ||||||||
| Tarla | 28.75 | 24,639 | 4,000 | ||||||||
| Tarlepatta | 0.75 | 388 | 256 | ||||||||
| Tilaru | 15.75 | 6,180 | 3,654 | ||||||||
| Towdam | 2.5 | 1,030 | 686 | ||||||||
| Urlam | 14.5 | 11,061 | 13,582 | ||||||||
| Yellamanchilli | 1 | 643 | 654 | ||||||||
| Godavary district | |||||||||||
| Bhadrachalam and Rakapalli | 505 | 27,695 | 21,090 | ||||||||
| Cocanada and Coringa | 168 | 91,860 | - | ||||||||
| Markundapadu | 150 | 5,500 | 15,000 | ||||||||
| Pittapore | 188 | 79,606 | 3,41,627[3] | ||||||||
| Tuni | 376 | 50,201 | |||||||||
| Kistna district | |||||||||||
| Nuzvid | 561 | 107,465 | 1,08,221 | ||||||||
| Virsanapettah | 257 | 55,662 | 20,829 | ||||||||
| Madura district | |||||||||||
| Ammayanayakkanur | 100 | ||||||||||
| Ramnad | 2,351 | 504,131 | 3,38,686 | ||||||||
| Sivaganga | 1,557 | 434,253 | 2,88,317 | ||||||||
| Nellore district | |||||||||||
| Darsi division | 488 | 73,139 | Revenue included under Venkatagiri | ||||||||
| Podile division | 405 | 62,934 | Revenue included under Venkatagiri | ||||||||
| North Arcot district | |||||||||||
| Arni Jaghire | 170 | 77,679 | 5,933 | ||||||||
| Kalahasti | 602 | 135,104 | 1,76,816 | ||||||||
| Kangundi | 179 | 52,047 | 22,959 | ||||||||
| Karvattinuggur | 634 | 289,894 | 1,80,495 | ||||||||
| Poonganur | 524 | 109,282 | 66,859 | ||||||||
| Venkatagiri | |||||||||||
| South Arcot district | |||||||||||
| Iruvelpattu | 8 | 400 | |||||||||
| Keezhthaniyalampattu | 10 | 550 | |||||||||
| Tanjore district | |||||||||||
| Kabisthalam | |||||||||||
| Kunniyur | > 24 | ||||||||||
| Poondi | > 24 | ||||||||||
| Ukkadai | > 24 | ||||||||||
| Vadapadimangalam | > 24 | ||||||||||
| Tirunelveli district | |||||||||||
| Alagapuri | 5.2 | 2,452 | |||||||||
| Avudyapuram | 13.36 | 6,960 | |||||||||
| Ettaiyapuram | 527.47 | 140,108 | |||||||||
| Kollapatti | 20.4 | 7,530 | |||||||||
| Jennalkudi | 11.34 | 3,532 | |||||||||
| Kadambur | 25.8 | 7,590 | |||||||||
| Kollakondan | 1.35 | 9,021 | |||||||||
| Kulattur | 15.27 | 4,903 | |||||||||
| Mannarkottai | 21.16 | 13,900 | |||||||||
| Maniachi | 15 | 3,190 | |||||||||
| Melmandai | 34.1 | 4,460 | |||||||||
| Pavali | 11.48 | 4,034 | |||||||||
| Setthur | 91.44 | 11,916 | |||||||||
| Singampatti | 110.38 | 16,295 | |||||||||
| Sivagiri | 122.38 | 49,531 | |||||||||
| Surandei | 1.34 | 2,580 | |||||||||
| Talavankottai | 6.14 | 3,117 | |||||||||
| Uurkad | 3.32 | 3,903 | |||||||||
| Uuttumalai | 124.49 | 31,541 | |||||||||
| Vizagapatam district | |||||||||||
| Anakapalli | 597 | 143,549 | - | ||||||||
| Bimlipatam | 243 | 113,079 | - | ||||||||
| Bobbili | 333 | 140,739 | - | ||||||||
| Chepudipalli | 615 | 162,827 | - | ||||||||
| Gajapatinagarum | 276 | 121,758 | - | ||||||||
| Gunupur | 2,000 | 63,127 | - | ||||||||
| Golaconda | 874 | 26,720 | 1,02,374 | ||||||||
| Hill tracts of Golconda and Viravalli | 500 | 15,880 | - | ||||||||
| Kotpad | N. A. | 132,655 | N. A. | ||||||||
| Kurupam | 800 | 80,034 | 2,50,000 | ||||||||
| Malkangiri | N. A. | 12,801 | N. A. | ||||||||
| Nowrangpur | N. A. | 87,363 | N. A. | ||||||||
| Parvatipur | 402 | 123,830 | - | ||||||||
| Rayagada | 1,000 | 59,780 | - | ||||||||
| Salur | 222 | 77,006 | - | ||||||||
| Vavilavalasa and Siripuram | 440.30 | 33,006 | - | ||||||||
| Sarvasiddi | 960 | 129,185 | 1,90,595 | ||||||||
| Serungavarapukota | 318 | 130,362 | - | ||||||||
| Viravalli | 688 | 166,184 | - | ||||||||
| Vizagapatam | 216 | 90,467 | - | ||||||||
| Vizianagaram | 12,000 | 149,920 | - | ||||||||
| Source:MaClean, C. D. (1877). Standing Information regarding the Official Administration of Madras Presidency. Government of Madras. pp. 419–434. | |||||||||||
Other zamindaris
This is a list of other zamindaris which were either not included in MaClean's list or were non-existent at the time of the enumeration.
| Zamindari | District |
|---|---|
| Ammayanayakannur[4] | |
| Anegundi[5] | |
| Bodinaickanur[6] | |
| Chikiti[7] | |
| Chinna Merangi[8] | |
| Panyam[9] | |
| Dharakote[10] | |
| Ramakrishnarajuvari Peta |
References
- ↑ 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑ Statesman, Pg 154
- ↑ The rent for Pittapoor also included the rent for Cocanada and Coringa and | align="left"|Kolanka | align="right"| | align="right"| | align="right"| Tuni
- ↑ "Indian princely states starting with A". Indian princely states website. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ↑ "Anegundi Zamindari". Indian princely states website. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ↑ "Indian princely states sarting with B". Indian princely states website. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ↑ "Chikiti Zamindari". Indian princely states website. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ↑ "Indian princely states sarting with C". Indian princely states website. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ↑ "Indian princely states starting with P". Indian princely states website. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ↑ "Dharakote Zamindari". Indian princely states website. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
Further reading
- Steinberg, S. H. (1950). The Statesman's Yearbook 1950. London: Macmillan and Co.
-
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "article name needed". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. - B. Dirks, Nicholas (1993). The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom. University of Michigan. pp. 19–28. ISBN 978-0-472-08187-5.
- Dr. R.C. Misro & S.K.Dash. "SOME ASPECTS OF CULTURAL LIFE IN PARALAKHEMUNDI ZAMINDARI : A STUDY" (PDF). Orissa Human Resources Journal. XLVII (3).