Lotta Hitschmanova

Lotta Hitschmanova
Born Lotte Hitschmann
(1909-11-28)November 28, 1909
Prague, Bohemia
Died August 1, 1990(1990-08-01) (aged 80)
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Cause of death Cancer
Nationality Canadian
Known for Humanitarian aid
Religion Unitarian

Lotta Hitschmanova, CC (November 28, 1909 – August 1, 1990) was a Canadian humanitarian. In 1945, she helped to found the Unitarian Service Committee of Canada, an international development organization consisting of a small group of aid workers sending supplies to war-torn Europe for relief and reconstruction.

Attired in an army nurse's uniform and military-style hat, she travelled yearly to strife-torn and poverty-stricken parts of the world searching out towns and villages in need of Canadian assistance to recover from drought, war, disease and poverty.

Early life

She was born Lotte Hitschmann in Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic), on November 28, 1909, to Max Hitschmann and Else Theiner. She had a younger sister named Lilly born fifteen months later. Their father was a malt merchant with factories located beyond Prague's suburbs. The family lived in moderate wealth and comfort.[1]

She attended a coeducational high school Stephans Gymnasium where she graduated with honours. In 1929 she enrolled in the school of Philosophy at the University of Prague where she excelled at languages earning diplomas in Czech, German, English, French, and Spanish. In 1932 she went to Paris where she studied political science and journalism at the Sorbonne.[1]

While at the Sorbonne institute she obtained diplomas in journalism and French studies. In 1935 she returned to Prague to work as a freelance journalist. She also completed her PhD at Prague University.

She worked for several newspapers (i.a. the French written Romanian newspaper L'Indépendance Roumaine)[2] as well as the Yugoslavian government news agency. Her writings reflected her anti-Nazi sentiments. When the Germans seized a third of Czechoslovakia following the Munich Agreement of September 30, 1938 she left the country and returned to Paris. She eventually ended up in Brussels, Belgium. At this time she changed her last name to the Slavic pronunciation Hitschmanova which sounded less like German.[1]

War years

In Belgium, Dr. Hitschmanova worked as a journalist, but when the Germans invaded that country she escaped to France, eventually ending up in Marseilles, where she was able to obtain employment with an immigration service that assisted refugees. One day, while queuing in Marseilles's market over lunch hour, she fainted from fatigue and hunger.[1]

After regaining consciousness, Hitschmanova made her way to a medical clinic run by the Boston-based Unitarian Service Committee. This, claims her biographer, Clyde Sanger, was her first contact with the organization. She became even more familiar with it in January 1942 when she was appointed liaison officer with the Czechoslovak relief agency, Centre d'Aide Tchécoslovaque, but not until 1945 would the USC become her life's major work and mission.

In 1942, Lotta was able to escape from Europe by sailing from Lisbon to New York on a refugee-packed twin-screw steamer designed to carry bananas rather than passengers. After delivering a USC report to Boston, she quickly departed for Canada, which, unlike the United States, had granted her a visa.

Lotta later claimed she reached Montreal "exhausted, with a feeling of absolute solitude in an entirely strange country ... I came with $60 in my pocket. I had an unpronounceable name. I weighed less than 100 lbs, and I was completely lost."[3]

She was not lost for long, for on her fourth day in Canada she managed to obtain a secretarial job with a Montreal firm. Within three months she was in Ottawa working as a postal censor for the Department of War Services. She joined the Czechoslovakian National Alliance and helped raise money for Czech War Services in London, England. She also worked briefly for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration.[4]

After the war ended, Hitschmanova was offered several jobs including one involving the rehabilitation of children in Czechoslovakia. When she learned that her parents had perished in a holding camp en route to the Auschwitz concentration camp she decided to stay in Canada.[5] She found that her sister Lilly had moved to Israel and later on, Lilly relocated to Canada.[4]

Unitarian Service Committee

In June 1945, Lotta helped to organize the Canadian branch of the Unitarian Service Committee. She was named as the first chairperson and she served in this position until 1949.[6] The committee was affiliated with the Unitarian Church in Canada and the American Unitarian Association in Boston. In 1948 it severed its official link with the Unitarians and became an independent organization. However, it retained close ties with the Unitarians for many years as well as the word Unitarian in its name.[4]

Its initial objective was the relief of distressed people in France and Czechoslovakia. Senator Cairine Wilson was made honorary chairman, but Hitschmanova, who filled the position of Executive Director, was the driving force behind the organization. On August 29, 1945, USC Canada was registered under the War Charities Act. At first it was only allowed to raise money from Unitarians but in February 1946 the appeal was extended to all Canadians.[4]

In the spring of 1946, she set off on a three-month tour of western Canada to tell audiences about the hunger and destitution in other countries, to furnish particulars about how Canadian contributions in previous years had been employed, and to appeal for funds and clothing. On her trip, she raised $40,000 and collected 30,000 kg of clothing. In the summer of 1946 she travelled to Europe to assess conditions and after that, she recommended that the organization focus on physically disabled children. Canadians sent food, money and prosthetic limbs for injured children. Through Hitschmanova's direction, USC Canada started a foster parent program. Canadians could sponsor a child for which they would receive a photo and a story.[4]

In 1949 Hitschmanova advised the USC to switch its efforts to Italy and Greece. USC's role in these two countries lasted until 1979.[7] In 1950, USC expanded its programs to other parts of the world. From the early 1950s to the late 1970s, Korea was a major recipient of relief funds. USC Canada also set up programs in 20 other countries including India, Nepal, Vietnam, Lesotho, and Indonesia.[8]

During this period, she entered a routine of three months spent fund-raising in Canada and four months spent overseas to supervise USC Canada programs. She always travelled in her uniform that had become her trademark. This home-made creation of Hitschmanova's was modeled on the outfit worn by American army nurses – olive-green for winter and khaki for summer. Both versions had the word 'Canada' stitched onto the lapel along with badges from the USC. While she never served in any army, Hitschmanova created the uniform because at the time UN workers were required to wear an identifiable uniform. She found the outfit comfortable to wear and made for a light travelling wardrobe.[8] and allowed her to more easily cross borders and access refugee camps. Her uniform has been preserved at the Canadian War Museum and has been featured at the Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21 to highlight her work with refugees (2014).[9]

During her fund-raising drives, Hitschmanova made appeals on radio and television. Thanks to her own journalism background, Hitschmanova knew what was needed to make a story and used this expertise to full advantage. Reporters and editors dubbed her "The Atomic Mosquito" because of her continuing success in getting good media coverage. The USC produced an annual film that portrayed her on her travels to inspect various projects. In 1972, the USC made a film called the USC Story created from film clips of the past 25 years.[10] In 1970, Hitschmanova wrote a book entitled The USC Story: A Quarter Century of Loving Service by the Unitarian Service Committee about her experiences working for USC Canada.[11]

Through her fundraising efforts, between 1945 and 1984 the USC raised a total of $128,855,000.[12]

Honours

Throughout the years, Dr. Hitschmanova received many awards, including the Gold Medal from the Cross of France (1950) and the Medal of St. Paul from Greece (1952).[5] Other awards included the Canadian Centennial Medal; the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal; the Republic of Korea: Order of Civil Merit; Médaille de la Reconnaissance française; United Nations Headquarters Medal and the Decoration for Order and Peace, 1945-1949 from the Netherlands. These medals added rows of ribbons to her famous home-made uniform.[9] In 1968 she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Companion in 1979.[13] Dr. Lotta, as she was known, became a symbol of personal dedication, and made the Unitarian Service Committee at its well-publicised address of 56 Sparks Street, Ottawa, Ontario, a household name through her numerous radio and television ads.

In 1982 she retired from her position as Executive Director due to ill health. Although she spent the final years of her life suffering from Alzheimer's disease, she succumbed to cancer. She died August 1, 1990.

Legacy

USC Canada continues to operate in Ottawa at 56 Sparks Street. Since the early 2000s, USC Canada has been focusing its work on small-scale farmers in 11 countries, including Canada. Today, USC Canada’s mission is to "promote vibrant family farms, strong rural communities and healthy ecosystems around the world". The organization does this by focusing on activities that build food and livelihood security for small-scale farmers and preserve the agricultural biodiversity necessary to feeding a growing and changing planet. Learn more at usc-canada.org

Vernon Burrows, a renowned scientist specializing in oat research, named one of his new varieties after Hitschmanova. The variety called ACLotta contains a day-length insensitive gene which allows the plant to flower in countries with shorter days.[14]

In 2002, USC Canada created the Lotta Hitschmanova Endowment Fund, which will collect money from bequests and donated securities. Its earnings will be used to support USC Canada's programs such as Seeds of Survival.[15]

In 2001, it was revealed that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police had spied on Hitschmanova for 30 years ending in 1977. The RCMP, who during the Cold War had targeted various people and organizations, believed that Hitschmanova, as a Czech refugee, may have been sympathetic to Communism.[16]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Hyam, p. 417.
  2. ↑ e. g. L'Indépendance Roumaine 25.06.1938 (N. 18’986), 1-2: Lotte Hitschmann: Précisions sur le statut des nationalités.; 03.07.1938 (N. 18’992), 1: Lotte Hitschmann: Négociations au sujet du statut des nationalités; 07.07.1938 (N. 18’995), 1: Lotte Hitschmann: Le statut des nationalités; 20.07.1938 (N. 19’005), 3: Lotte Hitschmann: Modifications nationalitaires en Tchécoslovaquie; 21.07.1938 (N. 19'006), 2: Lotte Hitschmann: L'Europe et le problème des nationalités en Tchécoslovaquie; 24.07.1938 (N. 19'009), 1: Lotte Hitschmann: Lettre de Prague; 28.07.1938 (N. 19'012), 1: Lotte Hitschmann: Problèmes de la Tchécoslovaquie; 23.07.1938 (N. 19'013), 1: Lotte Hitschmann: Nouvelles économiques de Tchécoslovaquie; 09.08.1938 (N. 19’021), 1: Lotte Hitschmann: Négociations sur les questions nationalitaires; 31.08.1938 (N. 19’039), 1: Lotte Hitschmann: Pour conjurer la catastrophe; 20.09.1938 (N. 19’055), 1: Lotte Hitchmann (sic): De Prague à Cheb.; 24.09.1938 (N. 19’059), 1: Lotte Hitschmann: Prague reste héroïquement ferme; 09.10.1938 (N. 19’072), 1: Lotte Hitschmann: Le nouveau gouvernement tchécoslovaque; 13.10.1938 (N. 19’075), 1-2: Lotte Hitschmann: L’histoire seule jugera; 18.10.1938 (N. 19’079), 1: Lotte Hitschmann: “Ma Vlast - Ma Patrie”; 20.10.1938 (N. 19’081), 1-2: L. Hitschmannova: Lettre de Prague: Ce que nos amis peuvent faire pour nous; 27.10.1938 (N. 19’087), 1: L. Hitschmannova: La nouvelle constitution tchécoslovaque; 30.10.1938 (N. 19’090), 1: L. Hitschmannova: Aspects tchécoslovaques; 03.11.1938 (N. 19’093), 1-2: L. Hitschmannova: Lettre de Prague; 09.11.1938 (N. 19’098), 3: L. Hitschmannova: Un grand ami de la Tchécoslovaquie est mort; 20.11.1938 (N. 19’108), 1: L. Hitschmannova: Une semaine décisive; 04.04.1939 (N. 19’214), 1: Lotte Hitschmann (Bruxelles): Liège 1939; 19.04.1939 (N. 19’224), 1: L. Hitschmannova: L’art contemporain belge; 30.04.1939 (N. 19’234), 1: Lotte Hitschmannova: Le centenaire du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg; 03.05.1939 (N. 19’235), 1: Lotte Hitschmannova: L’unité fait la force; 24.05.1939 (N. 19’251), 1-2: L. Hitschmannova: En flânant dans Bruxelles; 25.05.1939 (N. 19’252), 1: Lotte Hitschmannova: Le problème du bilinguisme en Belgique; 06.06.1939 (N. 19’261), 1: Lotte Hitschmannova: Les Beaux-Arts à Liège; 27.06.1939 (N. 19’278), 1: Lotte Hitschmannova: La grande exposition Hans Memling à Bruges; 01.07.1939 (N. 19’281), 1: Lotte Hitschmannova: Autour du droit de vote des femmes belges; 08.07.1939 (N. 19’287): Lotte Hitschmannova: Le programme financier du gouvernement belge; 12.07.1939 (N. 19’290): Lotte Hitschmannova: Nouvelles acquisitions des Musées belges; 23.07.1939 (N. 19’299): Lotte Hitschammnova: L’aviation militaire belge; 06.08.1939 (N. 19’311), 1: Lotte Hitschmannova: Les pénitents de Furnes; 23.08.1939 (N. 19’324), 1: Lotte Hitschmannova: La situation politique en Belgique; 24.08.1939 (N. 19’325): Lotte Hitschmannova: Les fastes de Bruges; 30.08.1939 (N. 19’330): Lotte Hitschmannova: Un émouvant appel en faveur de la paix; 13.09.1939 (N. 19’342), 1: Lotte Hitschmannova: Le cabinet d’Union nationale en Belgique; 20.09.1939 (N. 19’347): Lotte Hitschmannova: La neutralité de la Belgique.
  3. ↑ Sanger, p. 31.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Hyam, p. 418.
  5. 1 2 Schulman, p. 205.
  6. ↑ Sanger, Appendix I, p. 252.
  7. ↑ Sanger, p. 57.
  8. 1 2 Hyam, pp. 419-20
  9. 1 2 Dan Conlin, "Lotta Hitschmanova’s Uniform", Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21
  10. ↑ Hyam, p. 421.
  11. ↑ Hitschmanova, Lotta (January 1970). The USC Story: A Quarter Century of Loving Service. Ottawa: Unitarian Service Committee.
  12. ↑ Sanger, Appendix II, pp. 252-3.
  13. ↑ "Honours - Order of Canada". Governor General of Canada. December 17, 1979.
  14. ↑ "Agricultural scientist receives Order of Canada". The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ont. 29 October 2001. p. C4.
  15. ↑ Woodard, Joe (7 November 2002). "Hitschmanova fund launched: Endowment recalls USC spokeswoman". Calgary Herald. Calgary, Alta. p. B12.
  16. ↑ Pugliese, David; Bronskill, Jim (20 August 2001). "Under the Canadian spyglass: From teenagers protesting haircuts to housewives and civil rights groups, none are exempt from the scrutiny of Canada's intelligence agencies". The Ottawa Citizen. Ottawa, Ont. p. A4.

Further reading

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