Luigi Luzzatti

Luigi Luzzatti
20th Prime Minister of Italy
In office 31 March 1910 – 30 March 1911
Monarch	Victor Emmanuel III
Preceded by	Sidney Sonnino
Succeeded by	Giovanni Giolitti
Personal details
Born	11 March 1841 Venice, Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
Died	29 March 1927 (aged 86) Rome, Italy
Nationality	Italy
Political party	Historical Right
Religion	Judaism

Luigi Luzzatti (11 March 1841 – 29 March 1927) was an Italian financier, political economist, social philosopher and a jurist. He served as the 20th Prime Minister of Italy between 1910 and 1911. He was the first Venetian and second Jewish Prime Minister of Italy^[1] after Alessandro Fortis, although his predecessor Sidney Sonnino was of partial Jewish ancestry.

Luzzatti came from a wealthy and cultured Jewish family and built a reputation as a social reformer dedicated to raise the working classes from ignorance and poverty.^[1] He is remembered being the founder of the Italian credit union movement and for his book Dio nella libertà (God in Freedom), in which he advocates religious tolerance.^[2] This provoked an exchange of correspondence between him and Benedetto Croce.

Early life

Chiesa, Fede e Libertà religiosa in un carteggio di inizio novecento, 2004

Luzzatti was born of Jewish parents in Venice on 11 March 1841.^[3] After completing his studies in law at the University of Padua, he attracted the attention of the Austrian police by his lectures on political economy, and was obliged to emigrate after starting a mutual aid society among gondoliers.^[3] In 1863 he obtained a professorship at the Milan Technical Institute; in 1867 he was appointed professor of constitutional law at Padua, whence he was transferred to the University of Rome.

Gifted with eloquence and energy, he popularized in Italy the economic ideas of Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch, worked for the establishment of a commercial college at Venice, and contributed to the spread of people's banks on a basis of limited liability throughout the country. In 1865 he founded the Banca Popolare di Milano in Milan, the second cooperative bank in Italy (the first one was the Banca Popolare di Lodi).^[4] The popular banks, modelled after the credit unions Schulze-Delitzsch had introduced in the 1850s, aimed to provide credits to peasants, small shopkeepers and artisans whose only option for capital had been pawnbrokers or usurious moneylenders.^[5]

In 1869 he was appointed by Minghetti under secretary of state to the ministry of agriculture and commerce, in which capacity he abolished government control over commercial companies and promoted a state inquiry into the conditions of industry. Though theoretically a free trader, he was largely instrumental in creating the Italian protective system. In 1877 he participated in the commercial negotiations with France, in 1878 compiled the Italian customs tariff, and subsequently took a leading part in the negotiations of all the commercial treaties between Italy and other countries.

Banca Romana scandal

Appointed minister of the treasury in the first Di Rudinì cabinet of 1891, he imprudently abolished the system of frequent clearings of banknotes between the state banks, a measure which facilitated the duplication of part of the paper currency and hastened the bank crisis of 1893 and the resulting Banca Romana scandal. A Parliamentary Commission that investigated the bank scandal concluded that former Prime Minister Francesco Crispi, Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti, and Luzzatti, had been aware of the conditions of the Banca Romana but had held back that information.^[6][7]

In 1896 he entered the second Di Rudinì cabinet as minister of the treasury, and by timely legislation helped to save the bank of Naples from failure. Following the revolt and suppression of the Fasci Siciliani (1891–1894), Luzzatti introduced two measures of social legislation in 1898. The industrial workmen's compensation scheme from 1883 was made obligatory with the employer bearing all costs; and a voluntary fund for contributory disability and old age pensions was created.^[8]

After his fall from office in June 1898, his principal achievement was the negotiation of the Franco-Italian commercial treaty, though, as deputy, journalist and professor, he continued to take an active part in all political and economic manifestations. He was again minister of the treasury from November 1903 to March 1905 in Giolitti's second administration, and for the third time from February to May 1906, under Sonnino's premiership. During the latter term of office he achieved the conversion of the Italian 5% debt (reduced to 4% by the tax) to 3¾% to be eventually lowered to 3½%, an operation which other ministers had attempted without success; although the actual conversion was not completed until after the fall of the cabinet of which he formed part the merit is entirely his. In 1907 he was president of the co-operative congress at Cremona.

Prime Minister

He was minister of agriculture in the second Sonnino Cabinet (December 2, 1909 - March 21, 1910), and on the resignation of the latter was called upon to form a cabinet himself. His administration, which lasted until March 18, 1911, was not very successful and fell over a proposed electoral reform.^[9] Although a man of first-class financial ability, great honesty and wide culture, he had not the strength of character necessary to lead a government: he showed lack of energy in dealing with opposition and tried to avoid all measures likely to make him unpopular. Furthermore, he never realized that with the chamber, as it was then constituted, he only held office at Giolitti's good pleasure.

During the First World War, he was consistently pro-Ally and strongly supported Italian intervention, but his tone was on the whole pessimistic. Although he did not take office while the war lasted, he was always consulted on all financial matters, and his sound advice was generally followed.

He became treasury minister in the second incarnation of the Nitti cabinet (March 12 - May 10, 1920), but did not resume office in the third. At the general elections of May 1921, he decided not to stand for parliament again, and was made a senator. In spite of his advanced age, he continued to write on economic and financial problems with his accustomed lucidity and soundness of judgment, insisting on the necessity for Italy to return to free trade and to reduce government interference in business matters to a minimum.

Death and legacy

He died on March 29, 1927, in Rome at the age of 86.^[3] He pioneered social legislation in Italy and initiated important social reforms, such as compulsory accident insurance. Luzzati, nevertheless, remained a typical liberal of his time: government action to help the poor should be carefully restricted and only when private initiative proved inadequate could the government intervene but welfare schemes should not "exonorate the workers investing effort in their own moral and economic regeneration". He promoted workers' cooperatives, credit unions and voluntary insurance schemes that allowed people to take charge of their future.^[10]

After becoming Treasury Minister in 1896, he is credited to have saved Italy from bankruptcy. He supported the Zionist movement.^[11]

References

1. Soper, Building a Civil Society, p. 45
2. Luzzatti, Luigi. God in Freedom: Studies in the Relations Between Church And State.
3. Prof. Luzzatti Dies; Italian Ex-Premier; Famous Financier, Political Economist and Jurist Was 86 Years Old, The New York Times, March 30, 1927
4. "Statuto" [Articles of association] (PDF) (in Italian). Banca Popolare di Milano. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
5. Soper, Building a Civil Society, p. 52
6. The Italian Bank Scandal; Report of the Investigation Read To Parliament. Many Deputies and Other Public Men Implicated, The New York Times, November 24, 1893
7. Seton-Watson, Italy from liberalism to fascism, pp. 154-56
8. Seton-Watson, Italy from liberalism to fascism, pp. 185-86
9. Italian Cabinet Resigns; Ministry Formed a Year Ago Yields to Storm Over Election Reform, The New York Times, March 20, 1911
10. Ashley, Making Liberalism Work, pp. 75-76
11. Nestor of Italy Labors On at 85, The New York Times, February 28, 1926

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Luzzatti, Luigi". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Luzzatti, Luigi". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York.
• Ashley, Susan A. (2003). Making Liberalism Work: The Italian Experience, 1860-1914, Westport (CT): Praeger Publishers, ISBN 0-275-98062-6
• Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967). Italy from liberalism to fascism, 1870-1925, New York: Taylor & Francis, 1967 ISBN 0-416-18940-7
• Soper, Steven C. (2013). Building a Civil Society: Associations, Public Life, and the Origins of Modern Italy, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-4426-4503-5

External links

• Works by or about Luigi Luzzatti at Internet Archive