Mary Ellen Pleasant

Mary Ellen Pleasant
Born 19 August between 1812–1817
Died January 4, 1904(1904-01-04)
San Francisco, California, USA
Known for Entrepreneur and abolitionist

Mary Ellen Pleasant (born 19 August 1814 – 1817 - died 4 January 1904) was a 19th-century African American entrepreneur widely known as Mistress Pleasant. She identified herself as "a capitalist by profession" in the 1890 United States Census.[1] People called her "Mammy" Pleasant but she did not approve. Mistress Pleasant used her fortune to further the abolitionist movement. She worked on the Underground Railroad across many states and then helped bring it to California during the Gold Rush Era. She was a friend and financial supporter of John Brown, and was well known in abolitionist circles. After the Civil War, she took her battles to the courts in the 1860s and won several civil rights victories, one of which was cited and upheld in the 1980s and resulted in her being called “The Mother of Human Rights in California”.[2]

Early years

Pleasant made contradictory claims about her earliest years, and her exact origin remains unclear.[2] Her birthday is known to be August 19, but the year is in dispute. Her gravestone at Tulocay Cemetery in Napa, California, states 1812, although most sources list her birth as 1814.[3] In one version of her memoirs dictated to her god-daughter, Charlotte Downs, she claimed she was born a slave to a Voodoo priestess and the youngest son of a Governor of Virginia, James Pleasants. In any case, she showed up in Nantucket, Massachusetts circa 1827 as a 10- to 13-year-old bonded servant to a storekeeper, "Grandma" Hussey. She worked out her bondage, then became a family member and lifelong friend to Hussey's granddaughter Phoebe Hussey Gardner. The Husseys were deeply involved in the abolitionist movement, and Pleasant met many of the famous abolitionists.

Career and marriages

With the support of the Hussey/Gardners, she often passed as white. Pleasant married James Smith, a wealthy flour contractor and plantation owner who had freed his slaves and was also able to pass as white. She worked with Smith as a “slave stealer” on the Underground Railroad until his death about four years later. They transported slaves to northern states such as Ohio and even as far as Canada. Smith left instructions and money for her to continue the work after his death.

She began a partnership with John James ("J.J.") Pleasants circa 1848. Although no official records exist of their marriage, it was probably conducted by their friend Captain Gardner, Phoebe's husband, aboard his boat. They continued Smith’s work for a few more years, when increasing attention from slavers forced a move to New Orleans. J.J. Pleasants appears to have been a close relative of Marie Laveau’s husband, and there is some indication that Pleasant and Laveau met and consulted many times before Pleasant left New Orleans by boat for San Francisco in April 1852. J. J. had gone ahead and written back that the area seemed promising for the Underground Railroad.

When Mary Ellen arrived in San Francisco, she passed as white, using her first husband's name among the whites, and took jobs running exclusive men’s eating establishments, starting with the Case and Heiser. She met most of the founders of the city as she catered lavish meals, and she benefited from the tidbits of financial gossip and deals usually tossed around at the tables. She engaged a young clerk, Thomas Bell, at the Bank of California and they began to make money based on her tips and guidance. Thomas made money of his own, especially in quicksilver, and by 1875 they had amassed a 30 million dollar fortune between them. J.J., who had worked with Mary Ellen from the slave-stealing days to the civil rights court battles of the 1860s and '70s, died in 1877 of diabetes.

Mary Ellen did not conceal her race from other blacks, and was adept at finding jobs for those brought in by Underground Railroad activities. Some of the people she sponsored became important black leaders in the city. She left San Francisco from 1857 to 1859 to help John Brown. She was said to have actively supported his cause with money and work. There was a note from her in his pocket when he was arrested after the Harpers Ferry Armory incident, but as it was only signed with the initials “MEP” (which were misread as “WEP”) she was not caught. She returned to San Francisco to continue her work there, where she was known as the “Black City Hall”.

After the Civil War, Pleasant publicly changed her racial designation in the City Directory from "White" to "Black", causing a little stir among some whites. She began a series of court battles to fight laws prohibiting blacks from riding trolleys and other such abuses.

Suing over streetcar segregation

Pleasant successfully attacked racial discrimination in San Francisco public conveyances after she and two other black women were ejected from a city streetcar in 1866. She filed two lawsuits. The first, against the Omnibus Railroad Company, was withdrawn after the company promised to allow African-Americans to board their streetcars.[4]:51 The second case, Pleasant v. North Beach & Mission Railroad Company, went to the California Supreme Court and took two years to complete. In the city, the case outlawed segregation in the city's public conveyances.[5] However, at the State Supreme Court, the damages awarded against her at the trial court were reversed and found excessive.[4]:54

Later life

Later in life, a series of court battles with Sarah Althea Hill, Senator William Sharon, and Thomas Bell's widow damaged Pleasant's reputation and cost her resources and wealth. Pleasant died in San Francisco, California on January 4, 1904 in poverty.

Late in life, she was befriended by Olive Sherwood, and she was buried in the Sherwood family plot in Tulocay Cemetery, Napa, California. Her gravesite is marked with a metal sculpture that was dedicated on June 11, 2011 .[6]

Posthumous recognition

Pleasant has been featured or mentioned in several works of fiction. Michelle Cliff's 1993 book "Free Enterprise" is subtitled "A Novel of Mary Ellen Pleasant" and features her abolitionist activities.[7] The ghost of Mary Ellen Pleasant is a character in the 1997 novel Earthquake Weather, by Tim Powers. Karen Joy Fowler's historical novel Sister Noon, published in 2001, features Pleasant as a central character, and Thomas Bell and Teresa Bell as secondary characters.[8]

Pleasant has also been discussed in film and television. The 2008 documentary Meet Mary Pleasant covered her life,[9] and a segment of a 2013 episode of the Comedy Central series Drunk History covered Pleasant's life.[10] Pleasant was portrayed by Lisa Bonet.

In 1974, the city of San Francisco designated eucalyptus trees that Pleasant had planted outside her mansion at the southwest corner of Octavia and Bush streets in San Francisco as a Structure of Merit.[11] The trees and associated plaque are now known as Mary Ellen Pleasant Memorial Park, which is the smallest park in San Francisco.[12] Her burial site has been designated a "Network to Freedom" site by the National Park Service.[6]

References

  1. ↑ Matney, William C., ed. (1976, 1978, 1981). Who's Who Among Black Americans. Northbrook, Ill.: Who's Who Among Black Americans, Inc. p. 479. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. 1 2 Davis, Marianna W., ed. (1982). Contributions of Black Women to America. 1. Columbia, South Carolina: Kenday Press, Inc. p. 371. ISBN 9993222674.
  3. ↑ "Mary Ellen "Mammy" Pleasant". Find a Grave. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
  4. 1 2 Hudson, Lynn Maria (2002). "The Making of "Mammy Pleasant": A Black Entrepreneur in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco". University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252075277. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  5. ↑ Johnson, Jason B. (February 10, 2005). "A day for 'mother of civil rights' / Entrepreneur sued to desegregate streetcars in 1860s". San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  6. 1 2 Brennen, Nancy (June 12, 2011). "Civil rights figure honored at Tulocay Cemetery". Napa Valley Register. Napa, CA: Lee Enterprises, Inc. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  7. ↑ "Free Enterprise: A Novel of Mary Ellen Pleasant". City Lights Books. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  8. ↑ Hansen, Suzy. ""Sister Noon" by Karen Joy Fowler". May 21, 2001. Salon.com. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  9. ↑ "Meet Mary Pleasant: Mother of Civil Rights in California". San Francisco Film Society. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
  10. ↑ Pershan, Caleb (August 6, 2013). "Drunk Fact Checking San Francisco Drunk History". San Francisco Magazine. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  11. ↑ "San Francisco Preservation Bulletin No. 13: Structures of Merit". City and County of San Francisco Planning Department. January 2003. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  12. ↑ Halley, Marian. "Don't Call Her Mammy". New Fillmore. Retrieved 28 June 2014.

Other Sources

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