Max Freedom Long

Max Freedom Long (October 26, 1890 – September 23, 1971) was an American novelist and New Age author.[1]

Early life and career

Max Freedom Long was born on October 26, 1890, in Sterling, Colorado to Toby Albert Long and his wife Jessie Diffendaffer.[2] At the time of the 1910 census he was working as a photographer in his hometown, and was living with his grandfather's household with his parents.[3] He attended Los Angeles State Normal School from September 1914 to June 1916, and graduated with an Associate of Arts (two-year) degree in General Education.[4] After graduating, he worked briefly as an auto-mechanic in Los Angeles.[5]

In 1917, Long moved to the island of Hawaii to teach in elementary schools around the big island.[4] He moved to Honolulu in 1920 and lived there until 1932, where he worked in and later owned a photography store. In 1920, he married an English woman named Jane Jessie Rae, who was the proprietor of the Hotel Davenport in Honolulu. When he arrived in Hawaii, he claimed that some Native Hawaiians were practicing what he called magic. Long wrote that at first he was skeptical of this magic, but later became convinced that it worked. He devoted the rest of his life to creating theories about how the Native Hawaiians did what he claimed they did, and teaching those theories through the sale of books and newsletters.

In the mid-1930s, Long relocated to Orange County, California and began to focus on writing books inspired by his experiences in Hawaii. He married a second time while in California.

Invention of Huna

Long decided to call his compilation of teachings Huna, because one meaning of the word is "hidden secret."[6] He wrote that he derived it from the word kahuna, who were priests and master craftsmen who ranked near the top of the social scale.[7] Long published a series of books on Huna starting in 1936, and founded an organization called the Huna Fellowship in 1945.

There are no accepted Hawaiian sources - Malo,[8] Kamakau,[9] 'I'i,[10] Kepelino[11] - that refer to the word Huna as a tradition of esoteric learning.

Max Freedom Long wrote that he obtained many of his case studies and his ideas about what to look for in kahuna magic from the Director of the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, William Brigham. There is no credible evidence that the two men met. Even if they did, Brigham was not an expert on kahunas and did not document in his own writings any of the incidents Long ascribed to him, including walking on hot lava. In his letters and manuscripts, Brigham stated that Hawaiians were "an inferior race," and implied they were lazy. He referred to Queen Lili'uokalani as a "she devil," "squaw," and "nigger."[12]

Native Hawaiian scholar Charles Kenn, a Living Treasure of Hawai'i recognized in the Hawaiian community as a kahuna and expert in Hawaiian history and traditions,[13] was friendly with Max Freedom Long but said, “While this Huna study is an interesting study, … it is not, and never was Hawaiian.” [14]

Hawaiian author Pali Jae Lee, a research librarian at the Bishop Museum, conducted extensive research on Max Freedom Long and Huna. She concluded, based on her interviews with Hawaiian elders, "Huna is not Hawaiian." Lee cites Theodore Kelsey, a Living Treasure of Hawai'i renowned for his work as a Hawaiian translator who wrote a letter to Long in 1936 (now in the Hawai'i State Archives) criticizing his use of the terms "unihipili" and "aumakua."[14][15]

Professor Lisa Kahaleole Hall writes that Huna "bears absolutely no resemblance to any Hawaiian worldview or spiritual practice" and calls it part of the "New Age spiritual industry."[16]

Huna books are "examples of cultural appropriation." [4]

Later life

Max Freedom Long stopped issuing bulletins in late 1970 due to poor health. He died at his home in Vista, California on September 23, 1971 from a self-inflicted shotgun wound to his head. He had been suffering from a bone cancer for a few years at that time, and was in constant pain in his final months.[17] He was a believer in voluntary euthanasia.[18]

Max Freedom Long Library and Museum

Prior to his death, Long's papers and library became part of the Max Freedom Long Library and Museum at the Huna Research Center at Fort Worth, Texas. It was established by a student named Dolly Ware, who inherited Long's library. After Dolly Ware's death in 2012, parts of it were sold to antiquarian book dealers. Other parts of the collection became the possession of E. Otha Wingo, who was a direct successor of Long's Huna tradition. Parts of the collection of the original Library and Museum have since been reconstituted at Valdosta State University's Archives and Special Collections as part of their New Age Movements, Occultism, and Spiritualism Research Library. The remaining pieces are being sought by the curator of the collection Guy Frost of Valdosta State University's Odum Library.

Works by Max Freedom Long

Huna related works

Hawaiin Detective Komako Novels

References

  1. ↑ Chai, Makana Risser, "Huna, Max Freedom Long, and the Idealization of William Brigham," The Hawaiian Journal of History, Vol. 45 (2011) p. 101
  2. ↑ Passport Applications Filed at U.S. Territories and Possessions, 1907-1925: Volume 8. Honolulu, HI: Department of State. 1924. p. 2525.
  3. ↑ "Thirteenth Census of the United States", United States Census, 1910; Sterling, Logan County, CO; page 159, line 5, enumeration district 245, Family History film 0112. Retrieved on 23 May 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 Chai, p. 102
  5. ↑ U.S., World War I Draft Registration Cards,. Los Angeles, California: National Archives and Record Administration. 1917.
  6. ↑ Pukui and Ebert Hawaiian Dictionary(University of Hawaii, 1986)
  7. ↑ http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/kona/historyg.htm
  8. ↑ David Malo, Hawaiian Antiquities (Bishop Museum, 1951)
  9. ↑ Samuel Kamakau, The People of Old (Bishop Museum, 1991)
  10. ↑ John Papa 'I'i, Fragments of Hawaiian History (Bishop Museum, 1959)
  11. ↑ Martha Beckwith, Kepelino's Traditions of Hawaii (Bishop Museum, 1932)
  12. ↑ Chai, Makana Risser. "Huna, Max Freedom Long, and the Idealization of William Brigham," The Hawaiian Journal of History, Vol. 45 (2011) pp. 101-121
  13. ↑ Stone, Scott S.C. (2000). Living Treasures of Hawaii 25th Anniversary of the Selections of Outstanding Persons as Honored by The Honpa Honwanji Mission of Hawai'i. Honolulu: Island Heritage. p. 24.
  14. 1 2 Lee, Pali Jae (1999). Ho`opono. Honolulu: Night Rainbow Publishing. p. 56. OCLC 43454305.
  15. ↑ Lee, Pali Jae (2007). Ho`opono - Revised Edition: The Hawaiian Way to Put Things Back in Balance. Mountain View, HI: IM Publishing. pp. 89–93. ISBN 978-0-9677253-7-6.
  16. ↑ "'Hawaiian at Heart' and Other Fictions," The Contemporary Pacific, Volume 17, Number 2, 404-413, © 2005 by University of Hawai'i Press http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/13881/v17n2-404-413-dialogue2.pdf?sequence=1
  17. ↑ "MAX FREEDOM LONG DIED SEPT. 23, 1971". Maxfreedomlong.com. 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  18. ↑ "REMEMBERING MAX FREEDOM LONG (1971)". Maxfreedomlong.com. 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2016.

External links

Hawaiian traditions

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