Mental health in aviation

Mental health in aviation is a major concern among airlines, regulators, and passengers. This topic has gained more attention recently, especially after the 2015 Germanwings crash deliberately caused by the plane's copilot. There are many different causes but, as of now, there is almost no action taken to try and combat this issue. Little data exists on mental health in aviation, however steps to gather relevant information and provide better solutions are underway.

The life of an airline pilot is very stressful and demanding. Following recent events, mental health in aviation is gaining attention within the aviation industry.

Prevalence of disorders

In Brazil's General Aviation sector, 10.2% of pilots who did not exercise regularly and 23.7% of pilots who have a heavy workload, showed signs of common mental disorders .[1] It is commonly believed by the public that pilots are perfect; however this is not the case.[2] Mental health problems are present in aviation, just like in any other industry, and more must be done to seek this out, both during the career of a pilot and at the hiring stages. It is important to have a wide variety of tests and screening processes to determine the true wellness of pilots.[2]

In the United Kingdom, it was revealed that 350 pilots have been grounded since 2010, due to mental health issues.[3]

Mental illness is second to cardiovascular disease in reasons for losing a medical license.[4] One major issue is that most pilots on anti-depressant drugs, for example. withhold this information from their doctor or the governing body of aviation in their country, due to fear of losing their license.[4] Detection is further complicated by the fact that few medical examiners fully understand the complexity and effects of the different disorders.[4] Additionally, psychiatrists are unfamiliar with the regulations of pilots suffering from mental health issues.[5] Even though pilots need to have their medical license renewed every 6 months by a certified medical examiner, there is little focus on mental health and no psychologist or psychiatrist follows up unless requested to do so by the pilot, which is rarely the case.[5]

Airlines are familiar with the consequences of mental health,[6] which is why they administer personality tests during the selection process in order to identify any mental health issues. One example is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). This long questionnaire can identify any at risk candidates, by asking a series of questions, worded differently, all around a similar subject.[6] Pilots are aware of the importance of having perfect mental health. As a result, the pilots tended to be extremely defensive in their results, even more so then the average population, trying to show no signs of any mental health issues.[6]

Causes

During the course of a pilot's career, the prominence of mental health becomes an even bigger issue as the stresses of the occupation accumulate.[7] Pilots are exposed to difficult working conditions that feature inconsistent schedules, extended periods away from home, and frequent encounters with fatigue.[7]

Mental health is amplified by the lack of social support from home, a varying circadian rhythm, and the excessive job demands.[8] Experts and airlines have been aware of these issues from as early as 1985, yet very little information about mental health in aviation exists.[8] There is a macho attitude towards mental health in aviation, with a laissez-faire approach.[8]

Both males and females are susceptible to mental health issues, however there is no greater likelihood that one gender will face more issues than the other.[9]

There is a negative stigma around mental health in aviation.[10] A study showed that fellow pilots assumed fellow pilots who were unsociable most likely have a mental health illness.[10] This identifies that even factors that are not signs of mental health can stigmatize others and the negative consequences of being identified as having mental health issues, even when this is not the case. [10]

Solutions

Pilots and their employers must also be aware of recent life changes that may affect pilot performance and mental health characteristics. One such way is the Recent Life Change Questionnaire, which measures how susceptible someone is to change.[11] This questionnaire identifies certain individuals who are more at risk of mental health issues and allows the airline to then provide support for them.[11] It is crucial for airlines to develop a program to remove individuals who are in a high risk state and help them transition to a more suitable job.[11] Regulators are also considering implementing random psychological screenings to pilots, however it has been suggested that this will not be foolproof in eliminating mental health issues within pilots.[12] The Federal Aviation Administration also announced that it will conduct research into newer and more relevant data concerning mental health within pilots.[13] It is equally important for pilots to feel open about their mental health and not be afraid of losing their career. This can be accomplished by removing the stigma associated with mental health, encourage self-reporting, and having companies work with pilots to help them find other aviation jobs and provide wellness centers.[14]

Throughout the hiring phase, pilots can be administered different personality tests to see if they are at risk of mental health issues.[6]

Following the Germanwings Flight 9525, both the IATA and the Civil Aviation Medical Association are looking into solutions, one being random psychological tests. The issue with a reactive instead of proactive method, is that rather than supporting pilots, it creates an even bigger stigma within the industry.[15] The European Aviation Safety Agency also issued a similar statement, stating all pilots need to undergo psychological evaluation.[3]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Feijó, Denise; Luiz, Ronir Raggio; Camara, Volney Magalhães (May 2012). "Common Mental Disorders Among Civil Aviation Pilots". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 83 (5): 509–513. doi:10.3357/asem.3185.2012.
  2. 1 2 Butcher, James (March 2002). "Assessing Pilots with 'the Wrong Stuff': A Call for Research on Emotional Health Factors in Commercial Aviators". International Journal of Selection and Assessment. 10 (1-2): 168–184. doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00204.
  3. 1 2 Matthew, Sam (29 July 2015). "350 British pilots grounded in the past five years because of mental illness, figures released after Germanwings crash show". Daily Mail UK.
  4. 1 2 3 Bo, Robert (July 2007). "Psychological factors in airline passenger and crew behaviour: A clinical overview". Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 5 (4): 207–216. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2007.03.003.
  5. 1 2 Vuorio, Alpo; Laukkala, Tanja; Navathe, Pooshan (September 2012). "Major Depression and Fitness to Fly by Different Aviation Authorities". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 83 (9): 909–911. doi:10.3357/asem.3363.2012.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Butcher, James (1994). "Psychological Assessment of Airline Pilot Applicants With the MMPI-2". Journal of Personality Assessment. 62 (1): 31–44. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6201_4.
  7. 1 2 Bor, Robert; Field, Gaby; Scragg, Peter (2002). "The mental health of pilots: An overview". Counselling Psychology Quarterly. 15 (3): 239–256. doi:10.1080/09515070210143471.
  8. 1 2 3 Cooper, Cary; Sloan, Stephen (August 1985). "Occupational and Psychosocial Stress Among Commercial Aviation Pilots.". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 27 (8): 570–575. doi:10.1097/00043764-198508000-00014.
  9. ↑ Walton, Robert; Politano, Michael (2014). "Gender-related perceptions and stress, anxiety, and depression on the flight deck.". Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors. 4 (2): 67–73. doi:10.1027/2192-0923/a000058.
  10. 1 2 3 Winter, Scott; Rice, Stephen (December 18, 2014). "Pilots Who Are Perceived as Unsociable Are Perceived as More Likely to Have a Mental Illness". Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors. 5 (1): 36–44. doi:10.1027/2192-0923/a000071.
  11. 1 2 3 Haakonson, NH (Sep 1980). "Investigation of life changes as a contributing factor in aircraft accidents: a prospectus". Aviat Space Environ Med. 51 (9PT2): 981–988.
  12. ↑ Bryan, Victoria (Jun 9, 2015). "Airline industry battles with pilot mental health options after Germanwings". Reuteurs.
  13. ↑ Sifferlin, Alexandra (May 27, 2015). "FAA Will Study Pilots' Mental Health". Time.
  14. ↑ Patton, John (April 2015). "Human Resource Management (HRM) in the Aviation Industry". The Journal of Global Business Management Volume. 11 (1): 1–12.
  15. ↑ "Airline industry battles with pilot mental health options after Germanwings". Reuters. 2015-06-09. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
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