Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica

Denarius of Metellus Scipio with elephant-skin headgear to represent African imperium (47-46 BC).

Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Cornelianus Scipio Nasica (c. 100/98 BC – 46 BC), in modern scholarship often as Metellus Scipio, was a Roman consul and military commander in the Late Republic. During the civil war between Julius Caesar and the senatorial faction led by Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great"), he remained a staunch optimate. He led troops against Caesar's forces, mainly in the battles of Pharsalus and Thapsus, where he was defeated. He later committed suicide. Ronald Syme called him "the last Scipio of any consequence in Roman history."[1]

Family connections and name

Metellus Scipio was born Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica. His grandfather was the P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio who was consul in 111 BC; his father Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica (born 128 BC) married Licinia Crassa, daughter of the L. Licinius Crassus who was consul in 95 BC. The father died not long after his praetorship (c. 93 BC),[2] and was survived by two sons and two daughters. The brother was adopted by their grandfather Crassus, but left little mark on history.[3]

Publius Scipio, as he was referred to in contemporary sources early in his life, was adopted in adulthood through the testament of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, consul in 80 BC and pontifex maximus. He retained his patrician status: "Scipio's ancestry," notes Syme, "was unmatched for splendour."[4] As Jerzy Linderski has shown at length,[5] this legal process constitutes adoption only in a loose sense; Scipio becomes a Caecilius Metellus in name[6] while inheriting the estate of Metellus Pius, but was never his "son" while the pontifex maximus was alive. He was called "Metellus Scipio" but also sometimes just "Scipio" even after his adoption. The official form of his name as evidenced in a decree of the senate was "Q. Caecilius Q. f. Fab. Metellus Scipio."[7]

Scipio married Aemilia Lepida, daughter of Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus (consul 77 BC), but was not without rival in the match. The virginal Cato had also wanted to marry Aemilia and lost out in the seduction:

When [Cato] thought that he was old enough to marry,— and up to that time he had consorted with no woman,— he engaged himself to Lepida, who had formerly been betrothed to Metellus Scipio, but was now free, since Scipio had rejected her and the betrothal had been broken. However, before the marriage Scipio changed his mind again, and by dint of every effort got the maid. Cato was greatly exasperated and inflamed by this, and attempted to go to law about it; but his friends prevented this, and so, in his rage and youthful fervour, he betook himself to iambic verse, and heaped much scornful abuse upon Scipio … .[8]

The couple had one son, a Metellus Scipio who seems to have died when he was only 18.[9] Another son may have been born around 70, or a son may have been adopted. The couple's much more famous daughter was born around that time as well.[10] Scipio first married off the celebrated Cornelia Metella to Publius Crassus, the son of Marcus Licinius Crassus. After Publius's premature death at Carrhae, Scipio decided to succeed Caesar as the father-in-law of Pompeius, who was at least thirty years older than Cornelia. The marriage is one of the acts by which Pompeius severed his alliance to Caesar and declared himself the champion of the optimates. He and Scipio were consuls together in 52.

Political career

Cicero names "P. Scipio" among the young nobiles on his defense team when Sextus Roscius was prosecuted in 80 BC. He is placed in the company of M. Messalla and Metellus Celer, both future consuls.[11]

Metellus Scipio has been listed as tribune of the plebs in 59,[12] but his patrician status argues against his holding the office.[13] It is possible that Scipio's 'adoption' into a plebeian gens may have qualified him for a tribunate on a technicality. He was possibly curule aedile in 57 BC, when he presented funeral games in honor of his adopted father's death six years earlier. He was praetor, most likely in 55 BC, during the second joint consulship of Pompeius and Marcus Crassus.

In 53 BC, he was interrex with M. Valerius Messalla.[14] He became consul with Pompeius in 52 BC, the year he arranged the marriage of his newly widowed daughter to him.

Indisputably aristocratic and conservative, Metellus Scipio had been at least symbolically a counterweight to the power of the so-called triumvirate before the death of Crassus in 53. "Opportune deaths," notes Syme, "had enhanced his value, none remaining now of the Metellan consuls."[15]

He is known to have been a member of the College of Pontiffs by 57 BC, and was probably nominated upon the death of his adoptive father in 63 and subsequently elected.[16]

Role in civil war

Denarius issued by Metellus Scipio as Imperator in North Africa, 47–46 BC, depicting Jupiter and on the reverse an elephant

In January 49 BC, Metellus Scipio persuaded the senate to issue the ultimatum to Caesar that made war inevitable.[17] That same year, he became proconsul of the province of Syria.[18] In Syria and in the province of Asia, where he took up winter quarters, he used often oppressive means to gather ships, troops, and money:[19]

He put a per capita tax on slaves and children; he taxed columns, doors, grain, soldiers, weaponry, oarsmen, and machinery; if a name could be found for a thing, that was seen as sufficient for making money from it.[20]

Scipio put to death Alexander of Judaea,[21] and was acclaimed Imperator for "alleged" victories in the Amanus Mountains[22] — as noted disparagingly by Caesar.[23]

In 48 BC, he brought his forces from Asia to Greece, where he maneuvered against Gn. Domitius Calvinus and L. Cassius until the arrival of Pompeius. At the Battle of Pharsalus, he commanded the center. After the optimates' defeat by Caesar, Metellus fled to Africa. With the support of his former rival-in-romance Cato, he wrested the chief command of Pompeius's forces from the loyal Attius Varus, probably in early 47. In 46 BC, he held command at the Battle of Thapsus "without skill or success,"[15] and was defeated along with Cato.[24] After the defeat he tried to escape to the Iberian Peninsula to continue the fight, but was cornered by the fleet of Publius Sittius. He committed suicide by stabbing himself so he would not fall at the hands of his enemies.

Dignity in death

Facing death, Metellus Scipio achieved an uncharacteristic dignity, famously departing from his soldiers with a nonchalant Imperator se bene habet ("Your general's just fine").[25] These last words elicited strong praise from the Stoic moral philosopher Seneca:

Take, for example, Scipio, the father-in-law of Gnaeus Pompeius: he was driven back upon the African coast by a head-wind and saw his ship in the power of the enemy. He therefore pierced his body with a sword; and when they asked where the commander was, he replied: 'All is well with the commander.' These words brought him up to the level of his ancestors and suffered not the glory which fate gave to the Scipios in Africa to lose its continuity. It was a great deed to conquer Carthage, but a greater deed to conquer death. 'All is well with the commander!' Ought a general to die otherwise, especially one of Cato's generals?[26]

Assessment

Classical scholar John H. Collins summed up the character and reputation of Metellus Scipio:

From all that can be learned of this Scipio, he was as personally despicable and as politically reactionary as they come: a defender of C. Verres (In Ver. II. 4. 79–81), a debauchee of singular repulsiveness (Valerius Maximus, 9.1.8[27]), an incompetent and bull-headed commander (Plutarch, Cato Min. 58), an undisciplined tyrant in the possession of authority (Bell. Afr. 44–46),[28] an extortioner of the provinces (BC 3.31–33),[29] a proscription-thirsty bankrupt (Att. 9.11[30]), a worthy great grandson des hochmütigen, plebejerfeindlichen Junkers[31] (Münzer, RE 4.1502) who had led the lynching of Tiberius Gracchus, and a most unworthy father of the gentle Cornelia. Only in the Imperator se bene habet with which he met death is there any trace of the nobler character of his great forebears[32] (Seneca Rhet., Suas. 7.8[33]).[34]

See also

Selected bibliography

References

  1. ↑ Ronald Syme, "Imperator Caesar: A Study in Nomenclature," Historia 7 (1958), p. 187.
  2. ↑ Cicero, Brutus 212.
  3. ↑ Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 244.
  4. ↑ Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, p. 244.
  5. ↑ Jerzy Linderski, "Q. Scipio Imperator," in Imperium sine fine: T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic (Franz Steiner, 1996), pp. 148–149. The adoption is recorded by Cassius Dio, 40.51.3, where he is referred to with his adoptive praenomen but birth nomen as "Quintus Scipio"; for the passage, see Bill Thayer's edition at LacusCurtius online.
  6. ↑ Condicio nominis ferendi: a condition of accepting the inheritance was to preserve the name of Metellus Pius, who died without a male heir; Linderski, p. 148.
  7. ↑ Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, p. 244 online. Linderski asserted that the official form of his name is unknown because the Fasti Consulares for 52 BC are lost; see "The Dramatic Date of Varro, De re rustica, Book III and the Elections in 54," Historia 34 (1985), p. 251, note 21. Linderski later amplified his view Scipio's nomenclature in the Imperium sine fine essay.
  8. ↑ Plutarch, Cato 7, from Bill Thayer's edition at LacusCurtius.
  9. ↑ CIL XIV.3483 (=I2 in Tibur).
  10. ↑ Syme explores the possibilities pertaining to a little attested son in The Augustan Aristocracy, pp. 245ff.
  11. ↑ Cicero, Pro Roscio Amerino 77, as cited by Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, p. 245.
  12. ↑ Dates and offices from T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic (New York 1952), vol. 2, pp. 171, 172 (note 4), 189, 201, 207 (note 1), 215, 229, 260–261, 275, 288, 297, 540; vol. 3 (1986), pp. 41–42 (where Broughton recants his earlier identification of Scipio as a tribune, and discusses at some length the scholarly debate on evidence pertaining to whether he was tribune and when he was aedile). Primary sources on Metellus's magistracies include Cicero, Ad Atticum 2.1.9 and In Vatinium 16, and Valerius Maximus 9.1.8. Additional evidence for his interregnum, CIL I2.2.2663c, dated Ides of June; see also Cicero, Ad familiares 7.11.1 and Münzer, Hermes 71 (1936) 222ff.
  13. ↑ Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, p. 244, note 6, citing D.R. Shackleton Bailey, Two Studies in Roman Nomenclature (1976), p. 98f. (see also for discussion of Metellus Scipio's names). Tribunate rejected and patrician status affirmed most emphatically by Linderski, "Q. Scipio Imperator," p. 149ff online. Scipio was an interrex; patrician rank was a prerequisite for the office.
  14. ↑ Since only a patrician could be interrex, the holding of this office casts further doubt on his holding a tribunate.
  15. 1 2 Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, p. 245.
  16. ↑ Lily Ross Taylor, "Caesar's Colleagues in the Pontifical College," American Journal of Philology 63 (1942) 385–412, especially pp. 398 and 412.
  17. ↑ Caesar, Bellum civile 1.5.6; William W. Batstone and Cynthia Damon, Caesar's Civil War (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 109 online.
  18. ↑ Caesar, Bellum civile 1.6.5, see also 1.4.3, 3.31.1 and 33.1; Cicero, Ad Atticum 9.11.4, see also 8.15.3 and 9.1.4; Plutarch, Pompeius 62.2.
  19. ↑ Caesar, Bellum civile 3.31–33.
  20. ↑ Caesar, Bellum civile 3.32: In capita singula servorum ac liberorum tributum imponebatur; columnaria, ostiaria, frumentum, milites, arma, remiges, tormenta, vecturae imperabantur; cuius modo rei nomen reperiri poterat, hoc satis esse ad cogendas pecunias videbatur.
  21. ↑ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 14.123–125, The Wars of the Jews 1.183–185 and 195; see also Cassius Dio 41.18.1.
  22. ↑ See Broughton, Magistrates pp. 260–261 for references in addition to Caesar.
  23. ↑ Caesar, Bellum civile 3.31.1: "It was during this time that Scipio sustained some losses around Mount Amanus and called himself imperator, after which achievement he demanded large sums of money from the states and rulers [in the area]" (his temporibus Scipio detrimentis quibusdam circa montem Amanum acceptis imperatorem se appellaverat. Quo facto civitatibus tyrannisque magnas imperaverat pecunias). John H. Collins, in "Caesar and the Corruption of Power," Historia 4 (1955), p. 457, note 64, calls this remark "the only genuine joke in the Commentaries."
  24. ↑ See Broughton, Magistrates, pp. 275, 288, and 297, for numerous citations of primary sources.
  25. ↑ A translation that draws on Scipio's usual superbia over the sprezzatura supposedly demonstrated here might be "The Imperator conducts himself well."
  26. ↑ Lucius Annaeus Seneca, ep. 24.9
  27. ↑ Valerius Maximus 9.1.8: "Just as notorious was that party arranged for Metellus Scipio when he was consul and for the people's tribunes — by Gemellus, their tribunicial errand boy. He was a free man by birth, but twisted by his business to play the servant's role. Society gave a collective blush: he established a whorehouse in his own house, and pimped out Mucia and Flavia, each of them notable for her father and husband, along with the aristocratic boy Saturninus. Bodies in shameless submission, ready to come for a game of drunken sex! A banquet not for honoring consul and tribunes, but indicting them!" Latin text available at The Latin Library online.
  28. ↑ The passage may be viewed in English translation online.
  29. ↑ An English translation may be viewed online.
  30. ↑ Cicero, Ad Atticum 9.11: "For under those circumstances what sort of criminality will Scipio — or Faustus or Libo — fail to take advantage of, when their creditors are closing in on them? And if they win, what actions would they take against citizens?"
  31. ↑ German, "of an arrogant aristocrat, enemy to the plebs"; i.e., Metellus Scipio was true to his lineage, given that his grandfather P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica spearheaded the death of the plebeian champion Tiberius Gracchus.
  32. ↑ See also the remarks of Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, p. 245 online.
  33. ↑ This is Collins' citation; but see above for quotation from the younger Seneca.
  34. ↑ John H. Collins, "Caesar and the Corruption of Power," Historia 4 (1955), p. 457, note 64.
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Further reading

Political offices
Preceded by
Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus and Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus		 Consul of the Roman Republic
with Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
52 BC 		Succeeded by
Servius Sulpicius Rufus and Marcus Claudius Marcellus
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