Midnight poem

The Midnight poem is a fragment of Greek lyric poetry preserved by Hephaestion.[1] It is possibly by the archaic Greek poet Sappho, and is fragment 168 B in Eva-Maria Voigt's edition of her works. It is also sometimes known as PMG fr. adesp. 976 – that is, the 976th of the unattributed fragments (fragmenta adespota) of Greek lyric poetry, in Denys Page's Poetae Melici Graeci. The poem is one of the best-known surviving pieces of Greek lyric poetry.[2]

Poem

Four lines of the poem survive.[lower-alpha 1] Most scholars believe that this is only a fragment of the original poem, though Diskin Clay argues that the poem is complete as it is.[4] It was preserved in Hephaestion's Enchiridion, a treatise on meters in Greek poetry.[5] The poem is composed in acatalectic ionic tetrameters.[6] It describes the speaker lying alone at night; Clay suggests that this was intended to allude to, and contrast with, the myth of Selene and her mortal lover Endymion, who were reunited each night.[7]

Authorship

The midnight poem has been attributed to Sappho since the Renaissance,[1] initially by Arsenius Apostolius.[8] However, Hephaestion does not provide any attribution for the fragment,[1] and influential classicists such as Denys Page and Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorf have questioned this attribution. Philologists generally consider the poem a folk song, attributable to no specific author.[9]

However, some classicists still attribute the poem to Sappho. It is included by Eva-Maria Voigt in her 1971 edition of Sappho's poems,[1] and modern editors and translators – including David Campbell,[10] and Diane Rayor and André Lardinois[11] – follow her in including the fragment amongst Sappho's poems. Clay has argued that the poem is by Sappho,[12] while Reiner and Kovacs argue that the poem was probably included in the Alexandrian edition of Sappho's works, though they note that this does not rule out the poem being a Hellenistic composition later wrongly attributed to Sappho.[13]

Denys Page argues against attributing the poem to Sappho on the basis of its dialect, which he believes is not the Aeolic dialect used by Sappho.[1] He identifies three separate features which he does not believe are consistent with the archaic Lesbian dialect found elsewhere in the works of Sappho and Alcaeus.[14] Other scholars have argued against Sapphic authorship of the fragment on the basis that Hephaestion does not attribute the poem to her; that the meter is otherwise unknown in Sappho's fragments; and that the poem "seems wrong for Sappho".[15] However, those who believe that Sappho did compose the poem argue that the evidence that the poem was not in Aeolic is "at best ambiguous",[lower-alpha 2][18] and find the other arguments put forward against Sappho's authorship unconvincing.[lower-alpha 3]

Dramatic setting

The poem mentions two astronomical observations: that both the moon and the Pleiades had been visible, and then set, before midnight. Based on these, Mebius and Herschberg calculate that the moon described in the poem is in a crescent phase.[21] The information about the Pleiades has been used to calculate the time of year that the poem is set: Mebius and Herschburg calculate that the dramatic date of the poem is between mid-January and late March;[21] Using more precise assumptions (that the poem was written by Sappho on Lesbos, around 570 BC, and that "midnight" refers to 00:00 at UT+1h46) Cuntz, Gurdemir, and George calculate that the Pleiades would have set before midnight from January 25 and would have been visible until March 31.[22]

Reiner and Kovacs have suggested that the common interpretation of the poem, that the Pleiades have set, is incorrect: they argue that the poem should be emended to read that the Pleiades are "in mid-heaven".[23] If this reading is correct, then the dramatic date of the poem would be some months earlier than that suggested by Mebius and Herschberg.[24]

Legacy

The poem is considered "one of the loveliest of all Greek lyrics", despite its briefness and simplicity.[2] Wilamowitz considered the poem to be a "charming folk song",[25] and Page too said that it has "a certain charm".[26]

Sappho's work has influenced many later poets, most famously Catullus. Clay identifies a number of classical works which may allude to the midnight poem, including Aristophanes' play Ecclesiazusae and the fifteenth of Ovid's Heroides.[27] The midnight poem is one of the most-frequently adapted of the poems attributed to Sappho – according to Clay, only fragment 31 has been more often translated.[28] In English, the midnight poem inspired Tennyson's "Mariana", and "Mariana in the South".[29] It also influenced A. E. Housman, who wrote three different poems based on the fragment: "The weeping Pleiads wester" and "The rainy Pleiads wester" from More Poems and "The half-moon westers low, my love" from Last Poems.[30]

Notes

  1. ↑ Hephaestion arranges the poem over two lines; the four-line arrangement was first restored by Theodor Bergk.[3]
  2. ↑ Some word forms used in the poem, such as σελαννα, appear to suggest that the poem was in Aeolic;[16] the context in which Hephaestion cites to poem implies that the poem is in Aeolic;[1] and the poem can be plausibly emended so that it is in Aeolic.[17]
  3. ↑ Diskin Clay writes that "the fact that the poem is anonymous as it is cited in Hephaistion, in the abbreviated version of the Enchiridion that has come down to us, should have no weight in the balance."[19] Reiner and Kovacs dismiss Wilamowitz's argument that the content of the poem was wrong for Sappho on the grounds that it was primarily driven by a desire to protect "Sappho's good name".[20]

References

Works cited

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