Mill race

This article is about current of water or water channel. For other uses, see Mill race (disambiguation).
Further information: Sluice
Mill Race, Redbournbury Mill, River Ver, near St Albans.

A mill race, millrace or millrun[1] is the current of water that turns a water wheel, or the channel (sluice) conducting water to or from a water wheel. Compared to the broad waters of a mill pond, the narrow current is swift and powerful. The race leading to the water wheel on a wide stream or mill pond is called the head race (or headrace[2]), and the race leading away from the wheel is called the tail race[3] (or tailrace[2]).

A mill race has many geographically specific names, such as leat,[4] lade, flume, goit, penstock. These words all have more precise definitions and meanings will differ elsewhere. The original undershot waterwheel, described by Vitruvius was a run of the river wheel placed so a fast flowing stream would press against and turn the bottom of a bucketed wheel.[5] In the first meaning of the term, the millrace was the stream; in the sense of the word, there was no channel, so no race.

As technology advanced, the stream was dammed forming a weir. This increased the head of water. Behind the weir was the millpond, or lodge. The water was channelled to the waterwheel by a sluice or millrace- this was the head race. From the waterwheel, the water was channelled back to the stream by a sluice known as the tail race. When the tail race from one mill led to another mill where it acted as the head race this was known as the mid race. The level of water in the millrace could be controlled by a series of sluice gates.[5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ World English Dictionary (1470-80; mill + race). "Millrace at Dictionary.com" (Collins English Dictionary 10th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 7 September 2013. millrace or millrun (ˈmɪlˌreɪs)— n; 1. the current of water that turns a millwheel.   2. the channel for this water. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. 1 2 Dictionary.com, word definition
  3. ↑ Chamber's Twentieth Century Dictionary, 1968, p=674
  4. ↑ World English Dictionary (1640). "Leat at Dictionary.com" (Collins English Dictionary 10th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 7 September 2013. leat (liːt) — n ( Brit ) 1. a trench or ditch that conveys water to a mill wheel.   [Old English -gelǣt (as in wætergelǣt water channel), from let 1 ]
  5. 1 2 Yorke, Stan (2005). The Industrial Revolution explained. Newbury, Berks: Countryside Books. pp. 20–31. ISBN 978 1 85306 935 2.
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