Mongolia–Russia border

Mongolian and Russian boundary markers

The Mongolia–Russia border is the international border between Russian Federation and Mongolia. It is virtually all land. The total length of the border is 3485 km. The boundary is the third longest border between Russia and another country, behind the Kazakhstan-Russia border and the China-Russia border.

History

The Sino-Russian border within the regions of Mongolia, as it ran throughout the 19th century, largely corresponded to today's Mongolia–Russia border; the main difference is the absorption of Tuva into Russia

The Russian state expanded into the regions north of today's Mongolia in the 17th century. Much of the line of the today's Mongolia–Russia border line was set by the Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) between the Russian and Qing Empires (the Mongolia at the time being part of the Qing state); however, the treaty left Tuva on the Chinese (Qing) side of the border.

Mongolia's northern border assumed its nearly modern shape in 1911, as Tuva was separated from Mongolia in the breakup of the Qing Empire (see Mongolian Revolution of 1911), and soon became a Russian protectorate. Although an independent Tuvan People's Republic was declared in 1921, this small country became fully annexed into the Soviet Union in 1944, whereupon the former Mongolia–Tuva border became a section of the Mongolia–USSR border. The latter stayed stable for the rest of the USSR's existence, and continued as the Mongolia–Russia border after the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.

Tripoints

The eastern and western end points of the Mongolia–Russia border are "tripoints", i.e. junctions with the China–Russia border and the China–Mongolia border. A special trilateral agreement, signed on January 27, 1994 in Ulaan Baator, determines the location of these two "tripoints". The agreement is based on earlier bilateral treaties between the parties involved.[1]

The trilateral agreement specifies that a border monument was to be erected at the eastern tripoint, called Tarbagan-Dakh (Ta'erbagan Dahu, Tarvagan Dakh);[1] a later trilateral protocol determined the tripoint's geographic coordinates as 49°50′42.3″N 116°42′46.8″E / 49.845083°N 116.713000°E / 49.845083; 116.713000.[2] The border monument and the access roads for it are visible on Google Maps, at approximately 49°50′44″N 116°42′50″E / 49.845625°N 116.714026°E / 49.845625; 116.714026).[1]

The trilateral agreement states that no marker will be erected at the western tripoint,[1] which was defined as the peak of the mountain Tavan-Bogdo-Ula (Kuitunshan 奎屯山, Tavan Bogd Uul; elevation approx. 4081–4104 m, location, 49°10′13.5″N 87°48′56.3″E / 49.170417°N 87.815639°E / 49.170417; 87.815639[3]), due to its remote and hard to access location, on a mountain covered with eternal snows.[3]

Border crossings

At the border there are over 20 official crossing points, such as Altan - Agantsyn Gol, Tayrisin - Arshan, Bayan - Dzurh. Only one of them is a railway crossing (Naushki), the rest are highway crossings.[4] Some of the highway border crossing points are designated as "bilateral", rather than "multilateral", meaning that they are only open to the citizens of the two bordering countries, and not to third-country nationals.[4]

Border violations

According to an article 2005, the main problems at the Russian-Mongolian border, specifically in its Republic of Tuva section, were cross-border livestock theft (in both directions) and smuggling of meat.[5]

Administrative divisions

The peak of Mt Munku Sardyk is located on the Mongolia–Russia border

Federal subjects of Russia bordered by Mongolia

Mongolia borders four federal subjects of Russia:

Provinces of Mongolia bordered by Russia

There are currently 8 provinces of Mongolia which border Russia:[6]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации, Правительством Китайской Народной Республики и Правительством Монголии об определении точек стыков государственных границ трех государств (Заключено в г. Улан-Баторе 27 января 1994 года) (The Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of the People's Republic of China, and the Government of Mongolia on the determination of the points of junction of the national borders of the three states) (Russian)
  2. ↑ ПРОТОКОЛ-ОПИСАНИЕ ТОЧКИ ВОСТОЧНОГО СТЫКА ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ ГРАНИЦ ТРЕХ ГОСУДАРСТВ МЕЖДУ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВОМ Российской Федерации, ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВОМ МОНГОЛИИ и ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВОМ КИТАЙСКОЙ НАРОДНОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ (Protocol between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of Mongolia, and the Government of the People's Republic of China, describing the eastern junction point of the borders of the three states) (Russian)
  3. 1 2 ПРОТОКОЛ-ОПИСАНИЕ ТОЧКИ ЗАПАДНОГО СТЫКА ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ ГРАНИЦ ТРЕХ ГОСУДАРСТВ МЕЖДУ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВОМ Российской Федерации, ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВОМ МОНГОЛИИ и ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВОМ КИТАЙСКОЙ НАРОДНОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ (ПОДПИСАН в г. ПЕКИНЕ 24.06.1996) (Protocol between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of Mongolia, and the Government of the People's Republic of China, describing the western junction point of the borders of the three states. Signed in Beijing, June 24, 1996) (Russian)
  4. 1 2 The list of Russia's border crossing on the border with Mongolia (at the official site of Russia's Border Agency). See also entries for individual POE. (Russian)
  5. ↑ Datsyshen, Vladimir (Владимир Дацышен) (2005), "Потенциал конфликтности в зоне российско-монгольской границы в Туве — Журнал "Международные процессы"] (Conflict potential in the Russia-Mongolia border area in Tuva", Международные процессы (International trends), 3 (1(7))
  6. ↑ http://www.mongolia-attractions.com/map_mongolia.html
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