Mosquitofish

Not to be confused with eastern mosquitofish or Heterandria formosa.
Mosquitofish
Female
Male
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cyprinodontiformes
Family: Poeciliidae
Genus: Gambusia
Species: G. affinis
Binomial name
Gambusia affinis
(S. F. Baird & Girard, 1853)

The western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) is a species of freshwater fish, also known commonly, if ambiguously, as simply mosquitofish or by its generic name, Gambusia, or by the common name gambezi. There is also an eastern mosquitofish (G. holbrooki).[2]

Mosquitofish are small in comparison to many other freshwater fish, with females reaching an overall length of 7 cm (2.8 in) and males at a length of 4 cm (1.6 in). The female can be distinguished from the male by her larger size and a gravid spot at the posterior of her abdomen. The name "mosquitofish" was given because the diet of this fish sometimes consists of large numbers of mosquito larvae, relative to body size.[3] Gambusia typically eat zooplankton, beetles, mayflies, caddisflies, mites, and other invertebrates; mosquito larvae make up only a small portion of their diet.[4]

Mosquitofish were introduced directly into ecosystems in many parts of the world as a biocontrol to lower mosquito populations which in turn negatively affected many other species in each distinct bioregion. Mosquitofish in Australia are classified as a noxious pest and may have exacerbated the mosquito problem in many areas by outcompeting native invertebrate predators of mosquito larvae. Several counties in California distribute mosquitofish at no charge to residents with manmade fish ponds and pools as part of their mosquito abatement programs.[5][6][7] The fish are made available to residents only and are intended to be used solely on their own property, not introduced into natural habitat. On 24 February 2014, Chennai Corporation in India introduced western mosquitofish in 660 ponds to control the mosquito population in freshwater bodies.[8]

Fertilization is internal; the male secretes milt into the genital aperture of the female through his gonopodium.[3][9] Within 16 to 28 days after mating, the female gives birth to about 60 young.[3][10] The males reach sexual maturity within 43 to 62 days. The females, if born early in the reproductive season, reach sexual maturity within 21 to 28 days; females born later in the season reach sexual maturity in six to seven months.[1]

Description

Mosquitofish are small and of a dull grey coloring, with a large abdomen, and have rounded dorsal and caudal fins and an upturned mouth.[3] Sexual dimorphism is pronounced; mature females reach a maximum overall length of 7 cm (2.8 in), while males reach only 4 cm (1.6 in). Sexual dimorphism is also seen in the physiological structures of the body. The anal fins on adult females resemble the dorsal fins, while the anal fins of adult males are pointed. This pointed fin, referred to as a gonopodium, is used to deposit milt inside the female. Adult female mosquitofish can be identified by a gravid spot they possess on the posterior of their abdomens. Other species considered similar to G. affinis include Poecilia latipinna, Poecilia reticulata, and Xiphophorus maculatus; it is commonly misidentified as the eastern mosquitofish.[3][11]

Naming and taxonomy

The mosquitofish is a member of the family Poeciliidae of order Cyprinodontiformes. The genus name Gambusia is derived from the Cuban Spanish term gambusino, meaning "useless".[2] The common name, mosquitofish, is derived from their diet, which, under some circumstances, consists of large numbers of mosquito larvae. Classification of the western mosquitofish has been difficult due to their similarity to the eastern mosquitofish, and according to ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System), G. holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish) is an invalid taxonomic name and is rather a subspecies of G. affinis.[3][12]

Diet

Mosquito larvae

Based on diet, mosquitofish are classified as larvivorous fish.[13] Their diet consists of zooplankton, small insects and insect larvae, and detritus material. Mosquitofish feed on mosquito larvae at all stages of life. Adult females can consume hundreds of mosquito larvae in one day.[3] Maximum consumption rate in a day by one mosquitofish has been observed to be from 42%–167% of its own body weight.[14] They can suffer mortalities if fed only on mosquito larvae, and survivors show poor growth and maturation.[15] Mosquitofish have also shown cannibalistic behavior in laboratory experiments; however, whether these traits are hereditary is unknown.[16]

Habitat

The native range of the mosquitofish is from southern parts of Illinois and Indiana, throughout the Mississippi River and its tributary waters, to as far south as the Gulf Coast in the northeastern parts of Mexico.[17] They are found most abundantly in shallow water protected from larger fish.[9] Mosquitofish can survive relatively inhospitable environments, and are resilient to low oxygen concentrations, high salt concentrations (up to twice that of sea water), and temperatures up to 42 °C (108 °F) for short periods.[11] Because of their notable adaptability to harsh conditions and their global introduction into many habitats for mosquito control, they have been described as the most widespread freshwater fish in the world.[18]

Environmental impact

Mosquitofish were intentionally introduced in many areas with large mosquito populations to decrease the population of mosquitoes by eating the mosquito larvae.[3] However, most introductions were ill-advised; in most cases native fish had already proven to supply maximal control of mosquito population and introducing mosquitofish has been more harmful to indigenous aquatic life than to the mosquito population.[18] Introductions outside the mosquitofish's natural range can be harmful to the nonnative ecosystems.[19][20] Mosquitofish have been known to kill or injure other small fish by their aggressive behavior and otherwise harm them through competition.[14] They are now considered just slightly better at eating mosquitoes than at destroying other aquatic species.[11] Mosquitofish in Australia are considered noxious pests where they pose a threat to native fish and frog populations and there is no evidence that indicates they have controlled mosquito populations or mosquito-borne diseases.

However, from the 1920s to the 1950s, mosquitofish were a major factor in eradicating malaria in South America, in southern Russia, and in Ukraine. A somewhat famous example of mosquitofish eradicating malaria is on the coast of the Black Sea near Sochi in Russia.[18][21][22] In Sochi, the mosquitofish is commemorated for eradicating malaria by a monument of the fish.[23][24] In 2008, in some parts of California and in Clark County, Nevada, mosquitofish were bred in aquariums so people could stock stagnant pools of water with the mosquitofish to reduce the number of West Nile virus cases.[25]

Reproduction

Reproduction of the mosquitofish starts with the male arranging the rays of the gonopodium (modified anal fin) into a slight tube. The male mosquitofish uses this tubular fin to secrete milt into the female's genital aperture in the process of internal fertilization.[3][9][26] The female's genital aperture is located just behind the anal fin and is an opening for the milt to fertilize the ova within the ovary.[9] Mosquitofish are within the infraclass Teleostei and as all teleosts, mosquitofish lack a uterus, so production of oocytes and gestation occur within the ovary of a female mosquitofish.[27][28] Inside the female, sperm from multiple males can be stored to later fertilize more ova.[3] Based on laboratory experiments, the female mosquitofish is believed to be vitellogenic in nature during spring when the average temperature reaches about 14 °C (57 °F), and then the oocytes finish maturing when the average temperature reaches about 18 °C (64 °F). Then late in the summer when the photoperiod is less than 12.5 hours long, the next clutch of oocytes lose vitellogenesis.[27] In one reproductive season, a female may fertilize, with stored milt, two to six broods of embryos, with the size of the brood decreasing as the season progresses.[1] Reproduction rates are highly dependent on temperature and ration level. As temperature increases from 20 to 30 °C, mean age at first reproduction decreases from 191 to 56 days, and brood size and mass of offspring increase significantly. Interbrood interval estimates at 25 and 30 °C are 23 and 19 days, respectively.[29]

Embryology

Mosquitofish have a 16- to 28-day gestation period.[10] They are lecithotrophic, which means during gestation, nutrients are provided to the embryos by a yolk sac.[30] If the gestation period is shorter, each newborn will at birth still have a yolk sac connected through a slit located on the ventral side of the body wall.[10] Brood size of females depends on the size of the given female; larger females are more capable of a larger brood quantity than smaller females. Most females, though, have a brood quantity of about 60 young.[1][3] Mosquitofish are viviparous, which means after the gestation of a brood, the female will have live birth.[26][27] In most cases, the newborn brood will have an equal male to female ratio.[1]

Growth

After birth, newborn mosquitofish are about 8 to 9 mm (0.31 to 0.35 in) in length. As juveniles, they grow at a rate of about 0.2 mm (0.0079 in) per day. Growth rates of juvenile mosquitofish reach their peak when the water temperature is within a range of 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F).[31] As temperatures rise above or dip below this range, growth rates decrease. Temperatures at or above 35 °C (95 °F) are typically lethal, while growth stops when temperatures are at or below 10 °C (50 °F).[1] For male mosquitofish, sexual maturity is reached in about 43 to 62 days.[32] Female mosquitofish reach sexual maturity in about 21 to 28 days if born early within the reproductive season. The lifespan of a mosquitofish averages less than a year and the maximum is about 1.5 years. However, mosquitofish kept as pets can live much longer, with owners reporting lifespans of over three years. Male mosquitofish lifespans are considerably shorter than the hardier females.[1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Whiteside, Bobby; Bonner, Timothy; Thomas, Chad; Whiteside, Carolyn. "Gambusia affinis western mosquitofish". Texas State University. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  2. 1 2 Wallus & Simon 1990, p. 175
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Masterson, J. "Gambusia affinis". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  4. ↑ Lund, Mark (16 November 2005). Mosquitofish: Friend or Foe? Edith Cowan University.
  5. ↑ Alameda County Mosquito Abatement Program http://www.mosquitoes.org
  6. ↑ Mosquitofish. Santa Clara County Vector Control District
  7. ↑ Contra Costa County Mosquito and Vector Control District http://www.contracostamosquito.com/
  8. ↑ Mosquitofish to fight mosquito breeding in Chennai, India
  9. 1 2 3 4 Kuntz, Albert (1913). "Notes on the Habits, Morphology of the Reproductive Organs, and Embryology of the Viviparous Fish Gambusia affinis". Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries. Department of Commerce. 33: 181–190.
  10. 1 2 3 Rajkumar, R (1987). "Trophic microvilli of the belated embryos of Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard) (Atheriniformes: Poeciliidae)". Journal of the Inland Fisheries Society of India Barrackpore. 19 (1): 32–36.
  11. 1 2 3 "Gambusia affinis (fish)". Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  12. ↑ "Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859". ITIS. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  13. ↑ Regional Office For The Eastern Mediterranean (2003). Use of Fish For Mosquito Control (PDF). World Health Organization. p. 15. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  14. 1 2 Nico, Leo; Fuller, Pam; Jacobs, Greg; Cannister, Matt (19 August 2009). "Gambusia affinis". USGS. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  15. ↑ Kitching, R.l., ed. The Ecology of Exotic Animals. Milton: John Wiley and Sons, 1986. 7-25.
  16. ↑ Dionne, Michele (1985). "Cannibalism, Food Availability, and Reproduction in the Mosquito Fish (Gambusia affinis): A Laboratory Experiment". The American Naturalist. 126: 16–23. doi:10.1086/284392. JSTOR 2461558.
  17. ↑ Krumholz, Louis (1944). "Northward Acclimatization of the Western Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis affinis". Copeia. 1944 (2): 82. doi:10.2307/1438757. JSTOR 1438757.
  18. 1 2 3 "Гамбузия". Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian). Moscow.
  19. ↑ "Aquatic Invasive Species: Gambusia affinis (Mosquito fish)". Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  20. ↑ Rupp, Henry (1995). "Adverse Assessments of Gambusia affinis". North American Native Fishes Association (NANFA). Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  21. ↑ Vinogradova 2000, p. 187
  22. ↑ Ilyin, Ivan. История человека – история города Сочи (in Russian). Объявления Сочи: История человека – история города Сочи / 135 лет со дня рождения Сергея Юрьевича Соколова. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  23. ↑ В Сочи установлен памятник рыбке, спасшей местность от малярии (in Russian). Кавказский узел. 26 June 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  24. ↑ Врачу, спасшему Сочи от малярии, поставят памятник (in Russian). ФедералПресс. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  25. ↑ Russel, Sabin (12 July 2008). "Heat wave adds to West Nile danger". San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco, California: SFGate. p. B–1. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  26. 1 2 Casal, Christine (March 23, 1993). "Reproduction of Gambusia affinis". Fish Base. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  27. 1 2 3 Koya, Y; Kamiya, E (2000). "Environmental Regulation of Annual Reproductive Cycle in the Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis". The Journal of experimental zoology. 286 (2): 204–11. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(20000201)286:2<204::AID-JEZ12>3.0.CO;2-G. PMID 10617862.
  28. ↑ Schindler, Joachim; Hamlett, William (1993). "Maternal–embryonic relations in viviparous teleosts". Journal of Experimental Zoology. 266 (5): 378–393. doi:10.1002/jez.1402660506.
  29. ↑ Campton, D. E.; Gall, G. A. E. (1988). "Growth and reproduction of the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, in relation to temperature and ration level: consequences for life history". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 21 (1): 45–57. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05463.x.
  30. ↑ Grier, HJ; Grier, HJ (2010). "Oogenesis of microlecithal oocytes in the viviparous teleost Heterandria formosa". J. Morphol. 272 (2): 241–57. doi:10.1002/jmor.10912. PMID 21210493.
  31. ↑ Wurtsbaugh, Wayne A.; Cech, Joseph J. (1983). "Growth and activity of juvenile mosquitofish: temperature and ratio effects". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 112 (5): 653–660. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1983)112<653:GAAOJM>2.0.CO;2.
  32. ↑ Campton, D. E.; Gall, G. A. E. (1988). "Effect of individual and group rearing on age and size at maturity of male mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis". Journal of Fish Biology. 33 (2): 203–212. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05463.x.

Bibliography

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