Norman Feather

Norman Feather
Born (1904-11-16)16 November 1904
Pecket Well, Yorkshire
Died 14 August 1978(1978-08-14) (aged 73)
Manchester
Fields Physics, Nuclear Physics
Institutions University of Cambridge, University of Edinburgh
Alma mater University of Cambridge
Thesis A study of certain corpuscular radiations of the active deposits of radium and thorium by the expansion chamber method[1] (1931)
Doctoral advisor Ernest Rutherford [1]
Known for Creation and fission of plutonium by neutrons, important for nuclear weapons
Notable awards Fellow of the Royal Society[2] (1945)
Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1946)
RSE Makdougall Brisbane Prize (1970)

Norman Feather FRS[2] FRSE PRSE (16 November 1904, Pecket Well, Yorkshire – 14 August 1978, Christie Hospital, Manchester),[3] was an English nuclear physicist. Feather and Egon Bretscher were working at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge in 1940, when they proposed that the 239 isotope of element 94 (plutonium) would be better able to sustain a nuclear chain reaction. This research, a breakthrough, was part of the Tube Alloys project, the secret British project during World War II to develop nuclear weapons.

Feather was the author of a series of noted introductory texts on the history, fundamental concepts, and meaning of physics.

Early life and education

He was born the son of Samson Feather, headmaster of Pecket Well, where he was born. The family moved during his infancy when his father became headmaster of Holme Primary School in Yorkshire, and his wife Lucy Clayton. [4]

He was educated at Bridlington Grammar School and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1925 before taking a year in the University of London gaining a BSc in 1926. He was a Fellow of Trinity College from 1929 to 1933 then Fellow and Lecturer in Natural Sciences there from 1936 to 1945. Feather received his doctorate (PhD) at Cambridge in 1931 under James Chadwick and Ernest Rutherford.[5] His research employed a Wilson cloud chamber and focused on the problem of the long-range alpha particles.

In 1932 Feather married Kathleen Grace Burke (d.1975).

Career

Discovery of the Neutron

Feather conducted some of the earliest investigations of the neutron following its discovery by James Chadwick at Cambridge in 1932.[6] Indeed, Feather assisted Chadwick with his initial investigations leading to the discovery. The radioactive polonium source Chadwick used to discover the neutron was derived from old radon tubes that had been acquired by Feather from Kelly Hospital in Baltimore during a year-long visit to Johns Hopkins University in 1929. Feather obtained the first evidence that neutrons can produce nuclear disintegrations.[7][8][9] The year 1932 would later be referred to as the "annus mirabilis" for nuclear physics in the Cavendish Laboratory.[10]

Plutonium and Tube Alloys

In 1940 Feather and Egon Bretscher at the Cavendish Laboratory, made a breakthrough in nuclear research for the Tube Alloys project. They proposed that the 239 isotope of element 94 could be produced from the common isotope of uranium-238 by neutron capture. Like U-235, this new element should be able to sustain a nuclear chain reaction. A slow neutron reactor fueled with uranium would, in theory, produce substantial amounts of plutonium-239 as a by-product, since U-238 absorbs slow neutrons to form the new isotope U-239. This nuclide rapidly emits an electron, decaying into an element with a mass of 239 and an atomic number of 93. This nuclide then emits another electron to become a new element still of mass 239, but with an atomic number 94 and a much greater half-life.

Bretscher and Feather showed theoretically feasible grounds that element 94 would be readily 'fissionable' by both slow and fast neutrons, and had the added advantage of being chemically different from uranium and therefore could easily be separated from it. This was confirmed independently in 1940 by Edwin M. McMillan and Philip Abelson at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. Nicholas Kemmer of the Cambridge team proposed the names Neptunium for the new element 93 and Plutonium for 94 by analogy with the outer planets Neptune and Pluto beyond Uranus (uranium being element 92). The Americans fortuitously suggested the same names. The production and identification of the first sample of plutonium in 1941 is generally credited to Glenn Seaborg, who used a cyclotron rather than a reactor.

Professor in Edinburgh

Feather was Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh from 1945 to 1975, then Emeritus Professor. He was active in nuclear physics research throughout his career, preferring small-scale, modest experiments, rather than the large experiments that became common after the war.[11] Feather was noted for his active service to the University of Edinburgh and the city of Edinburgh.

Feather was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1945. From 1946 he was also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (his proposers including C. T. R. Wilson) and was President of that Society from 1967 to 1970. Feather won the Makdougall Brisbane Prize of the Royal Society of Edinburgh for 1968-70. [12]

Death

Feather died on 14 August 1978 at Christie Hospital in Manchester.[13]

Books

References

  1. 1 2 "Norman Feather (1904–1978)" (PDF). University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  2. 1 2 Cochran, W.; Devons, S. (1981). "Norman Feather. 16 November 1904-14 August 1978". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 27: 254. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1981.0011.
  3. ↑ Wilkinson: Feather, Norman (1904–1978), rev. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2009, accessed 26 Jan 2013
  4. ↑ BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF FORMER FELLOWS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH 1783 – 2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0 902 198 84 X.
  5. ↑ "Oral History interview transcript with Norman Feather, Session I". American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives. 25 February 1971.
  6. ↑ J. Chadwick (1 June 1932). "The Existence of a Neutron" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 136: 692–708. Bibcode:1932RSPSA.136..692C. doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0112.
  7. ↑ N. Feather (1 June 1932). "The Collisions of Neutrons with Nitrogen Nuclei" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 136: 709–727. Bibcode:1932RSPSA.136..709F. doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0113.
  8. ↑ N. Feather (13 August 1932). "Artificial Disintegration by Neutrons". Nature. 130: 237–237. Bibcode:1932Natur.130..237F. doi:10.1038/130237a0.
  9. ↑ "Prof. Norman Feather, F.R.S.". Nature. 156: 415–415. 6 October 1945. Bibcode:1945Natur.156R.415.. doi:10.1038/156415b0.
  10. ↑ "Atop the Physics Wave: Rutherford Back in Cambridge, 1919–1937". Rutherford's Nuclear World. American Institute of Physics. 2011–2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  11. ↑ "Oral History interview transcript with Norman Feather, Session II". American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives. 5 November 1971.
  12. ↑ BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF FORMER FELLOWS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH 1783 – 2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0 902 198 84 X.
  13. ↑ BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF FORMER FELLOWS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH 1783 – 2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0 902 198 84 X.

External links

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