Nursing in Canada

Two nurses with a baby in the nursery at Toronto East General and Orthopaedic Hospital, 1955
Canadian nurses with wounded soldiers[1]

Nurses in Canada practice nursing in a wide variety of specialties, with a wide variety of training and experience.

Nurses educate, perform research-based scientific care and are the patient and client's advocate to their own health, illness and disease but also through the health care system in Canada.

History

In 1617, Marie Rollet (1580-1649), arrived in New France with her husband, Louis Hébert, Québec's first apothecary. She became New France's first laywoman, by working with her husband to tend to those who were suffering from starvation and illness, including natives.[2]

In 1641, Jeanne Mance, a nurse from Langres, France, arrived at Fort Ville-Marie, New France. She was recruited by Father Charles Lallemant, a Jesuit priest, for the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal. In 1642, she established the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, one of the oldest hospitals in North America.[3][4]

In 1737, Marie-Marguerite d'Youville founded the Sisters of Charity of Montreal, a religious order known as the Grey Nuns. In 1747, they were granted a charter to operate the General Hospital of Montreal. The order went on to expand to other cities across North America and is still in existence today. In 1990, she was canonized by Pope John Paul II, and is the first native-born Canadian to be elevated to sainthood by the Roman Catholic Church.[5]

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women made inroads into various professions including teaching, journalism, social work, and public health. These advances included the establishment of a Women’s Medical College in Toronto (and in Kingston, Ontario) in 1883, attributed in part to the persistence of Emily Stowe, the first female doctor to practice in Canada. Stowe’s daughter, Augusta Stowe-Gullen, became the first woman to graduate from a Canadian medical school.[6]

From 1884 to 1910, Mary Agnes Snively was the Superintendent of Nurses at the Toronto General Hospital's School of Nursing, where she established the first nursing student residence and a proper curriculum. In 1908, she became the first president of the Canadian Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses. She was also a co-founder of the International Council of Nurses and served as their Honorary Treasurer from 1900 to 1904.[7]

Apart from a token few, women were outsiders to the male-dominated medical profession. As physicians became better organized, they successfully had laws passed to control the practice of medicine and pharmacy and banning marginal and traditional practitioners. Midwifery—practiced along traditional lines by women—was restricted and practically died out by 1900.[8] Even so, the great majority of childbirths took pace at home until the 1920s, when hospitals became preferred, especially by women who were better educated, more modern, and more trusting in modern medicine.[9]

Prairie province settlement

In the Prairie provinces, the first homesteaders relied on themselves for medical services. Poverty and geographic isolation empowered women to learn and practice medical care with the herbs, roots, and berries that worked for their mothers. They prayed for divine intervention but also practiced supernatural magic that provided as much psychological as physical relief. The reliance on homeopathic remedies continued as trained nurses and doctors and how-to manuals slowly reached the homesteaders in the early 20th century.[10]

After 1900 medicine and especially nursing modernized and became well organized.

The Lethbridge Nursing Mission in Alberta was a representative Canadian voluntary mission. It was founded, independent of the Victorian Order of Nurses, in 1909 by Jessie Turnbull Robinson. A former nurse, Robinson was elected as president of the Lethbridge Relief Society and began district nursing services aimed at poor women and children. The mission was governed by a volunteer board of women directors and began by raising money for its first year of service through charitable donations and payments from the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. The mission also blended social work with nursing, becoming the dispenser of unemployment relief.[11]

Richardson (1998) examines the social, political, economic, class, and professional factors that contributed to ideological and practical differences between leaders of the Alberta Association of Graduate Nurses (AAGN), established in 1916, and the United Farm Women of Alberta (UFWA), founded in 1915, regarding the promotion and acceptance of midwifery as a recognized subspecialty of registered nurses. Accusing the AAGN of ignoring the medical needs of rural Alberta women, the leaders of the UFWA worked to improve economic and living conditions of women farmers. Irene Parlby, the UFWA's first president, lobbied for the establishment of a provincial Department of Public Health, government-provided hospitals and doctors, and passage of a law to permit nurses to qualify as registered midwives. The AAGN leadership opposed midwife certification, arguing that nursing curricula left no room for midwife study, and thus nurses were not qualified to participate in home births. In 1919 the AAGN compromised with the UFWA, and they worked together for the passage of the Public Health Nurses Act that allowed nurses to serve as midwives in regions without doctors. Thus, Alberta's District Nursing Service, created in 1919 to coordinate the province's women's health resources, resulted chiefly from the organized, persistent political activism of UFWA members and only minimally from the actions of professional nursing groups clearly uninterested in rural Canadians' medical needs.[12]

The Alberta District Nursing Service administered health care in the predominantly rural and impoverished areas of Alberta in the first half of the 20th century. Founded in 1919 to meet maternal and emergency medical needs by the United Farm Women (UFWA), the Nursing Service treated prairie settlers living in primitive areas lacking doctors and hospitals. Nurses provided prenatal care, worked as midwives, performed minor surgery, conducted medical inspections of schoolchildren, and sponsored immunization programs. The post-Second World War discovery of large oil and gas reserves resulted in economic prosperity and the expansion of local medical services. The passage of provincial health and universal hospital insurance in 1957 precipitated the eventual phasing out of the obsolete District Nursing Service in 1976.[13]

Military service

Over 4000 women served as nurses in uniform in the Canadian Armed Forces during the Second World War. They were called "Nursing Sisters" and had already been professionally trained in civilian life. However, in military service they achieved an elite status well above what they had experienced as civilians. The Nursing Sisters had much more responsibility and autonomy, and had more opportunity to use their expertise, than civilian nurses. They were often close to the front lines, and the military doctors – all men – delegated significant responsibility to the nurses because of the high level of casualties, the shortages of physicians, and extreme working conditions.[14][15]

Education

Most provinces prefer that the Registered Nurse hold a Baccalaureate degree typically a Bachelor of Science in Nursing or similar (degree names vary slightly depending on the granting institution). Currently, many RNs have been "grandfathered in" and are practicing with a previously obtained 3 year diploma achieved at the college level. This cohort of RNs are encouraged by the Canadian Nurses Association and their respective provincial colleges to return and upgrade their education to that of the Baccalaureate prepared RN due to research suggesting that the degree-prepared RN have improved outcomes for patients and families. RN education now is mandated to 4 years in length through a degree granting institution (a university). However, some institutions have "accelerated" programs at 3 years in length, where students study full-time through the summer. Additionally, there are 2 year programs, but entrants into these programs typically have been granted previous non-nursing degrees. RNs and RPNs throughout Canada study a diverse range of mandated subjects including, but not limited to: physiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, epidemiology, microbiology, nutrition and dietetics, pharmacology, organic chemistry, nursing theory and nursing skill. Extensive hands on practical training, colloquially referred to as "clinical" by students, starts early as year one and extends to graduation.

RNs can pursue further education at the Masters or Doctoral level, receiving a Masters of Science in Nursing or PhD, respectively. Additionally, there are several different types of master's degree. Depending upon field of study, the RN can choose to study to become a Nurse Practitioner, an Advanced Practice Nurse, a Registered Nurse First Assist (Surgeon's assistant); in addition to many other fields of study. Currently in Canada, there does not exist the Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist role, unlike the United States.

Registered Practical Nurses (RPNs), which are not to be confused with Registered Psychiatric Nurses, or Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs) in Canada are educated at the College level after two years of study and are granted a diploma upon successful completion. Training is quite similar to RN educations with much of the same subjects, however given the reduced period of study, students receive a more focused foundational body of knowledge; this results in the inability of RPNs to provide care to acutely unstable patients. Students are exposed to hands on practical training as early as first semester of year one, continuing to graduation.

License

Ontario

Types of nurses

Types of Training or Specialties

After receiving their initial 4-year baccalaureate degree or 2-3 year diploma and passing their license exams (NCLEX or CPRNRE), Nurses take further education to specialize in what ever agency or department they are employed.[22] It is not necessary but is encouraged by employers to join relevant professional associations for the facilitation of learning safe practice and timely adaptation etc.

Legal regulation

The profession of nursing is regulated at the provincial and territorial level in keeping with the principles of professional regulation endorsed by the International Council of Nurses. The College of Nurses of Ontario regulates both RNs and RPNs in contrast to the other provinces and territories where RNs and LPNs are regulated by separate bodies. In the western provinces, psychiatric nurses are governed by distinct legislation.

All registered nurses and nurse practitioners in the province of Alberta are expected to maintain their clinical competence in order receive an annual practice permit from the College and Association of Registered Nurses of Alberta which also sets standards for scope of practice and provides practice support.

Recognition

A circa 1910 postcard of the Anne Baillie Building in Kingston, Ontario

The role that nurses have played in the development of Canada has been recognized through the designation of seven National Historic Sites of Canada related to nursing. Five nurses' residences (the Ann Baillie Building,[23] Begbie Hall,[24] the Hersey Pavilion,[25] the Pavillon Mailloux[26] and the St. Boniface Hospital Nurses' Residence[27]) were designated in commemoration of the growing professionalism of nursing and of the expanded role of nurses in health care over the course of the 20th century. The La Corne Nursing Station[28] and the Wilberforce Red Cross Outpost[29] were designated, in part, in honour of the role played by nurses in delivering health care to isolated areas.

See also

Organizations

Canada

Ontario

Alberta

Canadian-Published Nursing Journals & Magazines

References

  1. ↑ "Alberta & the Great War". Flickr. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
  2. ↑ https://quebecroots.wordpress.com/tag/marie-rollet/
  3. ↑ http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/mance_jeanne_1E.html
  4. ↑ Trent, B (1985). "Hôtel-Dieu de Québec: the story of Canada's oldest hospital". Can Med Assoc J. 132: 56–62. PMC 1346507Freely accessible. PMID 3880646.
  5. ↑ http://www.sgm.qc.ca/data/soeursgrises/files/file/history_of_the_grey_nun_of_montreal.pdf
  6. ↑ Alison Prentice, Canadian Women: A History (1988).
  7. ↑ http://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/nursing/nccat20e.shtml
  8. ↑ Biggs, C. Lesley (1983). "The Case of the Missing Midwives: A History of Midwifery in Ontario from 1795-1900". Ontario History. 75 (1): 21–35.
  9. ↑ Oppenheimer, Jo (1983). "Childbirth in Ontario: The Transition from Home to Hospital in the Early Twentieth Century". Ontario History. 75 (1): 36–60.
  10. ↑ Woywitka, Anne (2001). "Pioneers In Sickness and in Health". Alberta History. 49 (1): 16–20.
  11. ↑ Richardson, Sharon (1997). "Women's Enterprise: Establishing The Lethbridge Nursing Mission, 1909-1919". Nursing History Review. 5 (105-130): 1062–8061.
  12. ↑ Richardson, Sharon (1998). "Political Women, Professional Nurses, and the Creation of Alberta's District Nursing Service, 1919-1925". Nursing History Review. 6 (25-50): 1062–8061.
  13. ↑ Richardson, Sharon (1998). "Frontier Health Care: Alberta's District and Municipal Nursing Services, 1919 to 1976". Alberta History. 46 (1): 2–9.
  14. ↑ Toman, Cynthia (2007). "Front Lines and Frontiers: War as Legitimate Work for Nurses, 1939-1945". Social History / Histoire Sociale. 40 (79): 45–74.
  15. ↑ Cynthia Toman, An Officer and a Lady: Canadian Military Nursing and the Second World War (2007)
  16. ↑ CNO. "Canadian Practical Nurse Registration Examination (CPNRE)". www.cno.org. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
  17. ↑ CNO. "NCLEX-RN". www.cno.org. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
  18. ↑ [RPNs obtain a 2- or 3-year diploma in Practical Nursing. RPNs obtain a 2- or 3-year diploma in Practical Nursing.] Check |url= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  19. ↑ [RPNs obtain a 2- or 3-year diploma in Practical Nursing. RPNs obtain a 2- or 3-year diploma in Practical Nursing.] Check |url= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  20. ↑ http://www.rpnc.ca/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. ↑ http://cfmhn.ca/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  22. ↑ https://www.nurseone.ca/en/certification/what-is-certification/competencies-per-specialty-area. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  23. ↑ Ann Baillie Building National Historic Site of Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  24. ↑ Begbie Hall National Historic Site of Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  25. ↑ Hersey Pavilion National Historic Site of Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  26. ↑ Pavillon Mailloux National Historic Site of Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  27. ↑ St. Boniface Hospital Nurses' Residence National Historic Site of Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  28. ↑ La Corne Nursing Station National Historic Site of Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  29. ↑ Wilberforce Red Cross Outpost National Historic Site of Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 30 October 2011.

Further reading

External links

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