Oei Tiong Ham
| Oei Tiong Ham | |
|---|---|
| Born | 19 November 1866[1] |
| Died |
1924 (aged 57–58) Singapore |
| Occupation | Businessman |
| Spouse(s) | Goei Bing-nio (魏明娘) |
| Parent(s) | Oei Tjie Sien (father) |
Oei Tiong Ham, Majoor-titulair der Chinezen (simplified Chinese: 黄仲涵; traditional Chinese: 黃仲涵; pinyin: Huáng Zhòng Hán; 1866–1924) was a Chinese Indonesian businessman. He was the son of Oei Tjie Sien (simplified Chinese: 黄志信; traditional Chinese: 黃志信; pinyin: Huáng Zhìxìn), the founder of the Kian Gwan Kong Si (Chinese: 建源公司; pinyin: Jiànyuán Gōngsī), a multinational trading company. He was born in Semarang, Central Java, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). He became one of the wealthiest and most powerful men in Semarang and, in his time period, in the region. Part of his wealth originates from his involvement in the sugar industry. In Singapore, a road was named after Oei Tiong Ham. There is also an Oei Tiong Ham Park, which is located near Holland Road.[2] His nickname, "Man of 200 Million", originates from the passing of his 200 million guilder estate at the time of his death in 1924 in Singapore.
Early life
Oei Tiong Ham was born on 19 November 1866. His father was Oei Tjie Sien.[1]
Oei's significance is related to his role in the Oei Tiong Ham Concern (OTHC), the largest conglomerate in the Dutch East Indies during the late colonial era and early Indonesian independence period.
Career
The OTHC originally started with the trading firm of Kian Gwan, established in 1863 by Oei's father.
In 1890, Oei took over the firm Kian Gwan which diversified and grew into one of the largest firms in Southeast Asia. At the time, Oei took over the firm, Kian Gwan's main activity was trade, especially trade in rubber, kapok, gambir, tapioca and coffee. In addition, it was involved with pawnshops, postal services, logging and the highly lucrative opium trade. It has been estimated that between 1890 and 1904, Kian Gwan made a profit of some 18 million guilders in the opium trade alone, which provided the basis for his empire.
Semarang
Unlike many of his Chinese contemporaries, Oei relied heavily on written contracts in conducting his business. This did not make him popular in Chinese circles but it provided him with a legal basis to acquire the collateral for the loans he extended. Among his main debtors were often owners of sugar factories in East Java. When these factories were unable to repay the loans due to the long-lasting effects of the sugar crisis of the 1880s, he used his rights as a creditor. In this way, he acquired five sugar factories. Sugar now became the backbone of the company and would remain so for the next several decades.
In the period between the 1890s and the 1920s, the OTHC grew and diversified rapidly. It started branches in London, Amsterdam, Singapore, Bangkok and New York, created a bank, a steamship business and had a large wholesale business. Of all the ethnic Chinese business conglomerates in pre-war Asia, the OTHC was by far the largest. The company was even larger than the well-known "Big Five" Dutch trading companies that supposedly dominated the foreign trade of the Indies. The OTHC was strong in foreign trade, particularly in China. The basic strategy of the company was to take advantage of the opportunities on the world market for commodities produced in Indonesia.
In 1893, Oei incorporated the Kian Gwan kongsi, which was renamed as Handel Maatschappiji Kian Gwan. The company traded in sugar and opium.[3]
In 1912, Kian Gwan, the trading branch of the conglomerate was capitalised at fifteen million guilders, double the amount of the largest Dutch firm Internatio.
During the post-war boom of 1918-1920, the worldwide demand for Java sugar was high, creating many opportunities for sugar-mill owners and sugar brokers, but fortunes gained were easily lost in a couple of days. Oei followed a cautious policy during these boom years. He did not speculate too heavily and took steps to improve its financial administration. Oei recruited talented accountants to set up a modern accounting system for the sugar factories. Due to the cautious and independent strategy, the company survived the subsequent sugar crisis while many other Chinese firms perished.
Besides making use of written agreements and a modern accounting system, Oei also diverted from yet another Chinese business practice of the time. Instead of relying solely on family members in running his wide ranging business enterprises, he deliberately chose capable outsiders, such as Dutch directors, managers, and engineers to manage his companies.
Singapore
In 1912, Oei bought The Heap Eng Moh Steamship Company Limited, known as the "Red Funnel" Line. He also had controlling interests in the Semarang Steamship Navigation Company.[3][4]
In 1920, Oei left Semarang and settled in Singapore to escape Dutch colonial succession law and tax regime. Having eight wives and twenty-six official children, inheritance became important issues. He decided to hand his daughters and some of his sons cash, and make eight of his sons his rightful heirs, dividing among them an inheritance worth two hundred million guilders. Since only two of them, Oei Tjong Swan and Oei Tjong Hauw, had reached maturity, immediate succession did not seem to give too many problems.
In 1961, the Indonesian OTHC came to an end, when the Indonesian government's Pengadilan Ekonomi (the court for economic crimes) seized and nationalised all of OTHC's Indonesian assets including its strategic sugar plantations and factories.
In 1964, the government formed a holding company named PT Rajawali Nusantara Indonesia to run them, which is still a prominent corporation up to this day. However, many of the Kian Gwan offices abroad managed to survive and became independent companies on its own, each operated by one of Oei's sons.
Death
In 1924, Oei died in Singapore. His body was returned to Semarang.[5]
Oei Hui-lan (a.k.a. Madame Wellington Koo due to her marriage to V.K. Wellington Koo), Oei's second daughter from his first wife, believed that her father was poisoned to death by Lucy Ho, his mistress at the time of death. Oei's body was shipped to Semarang for burial in his father's tomb.
Personal life
According to No Feast Lasts Forever, the autobiography of Oei Tiong Ham's daughter Oei Hui-lan (who married V.K. Wellington Koo), Goei Bing Nio (Chinese: 魏明娘; pinyin: Wèi Míngniáng) was selected by Oei Tiong Ham's mother to be his wife and was married to him at the age of 15. She bore him two daughters, Tjong-lan and Hui-lan. Oei Tiong Ham also had 18 acknowledged concubines.
One of Goei Bing-nio's sisters was unable to have children so she adopted two girls from her husband's brother. These girls both became Oei Tiong Ham's concubines. The younger of the two sisters, Lucy Ho (or Hoo Kiem Hoa), moved to Singapore with Oei Tiong Ham and lived with him until his death. One of Oei Tiong Ham's sons with Lucy Ho later married Oei Tiong Ham's granddaughter (the daughter of Oei Tjong-swan, one of Oei Tiong Ham's sons not born to Lucy Ho).
Family
| Wife | Daughter | Sons |
|---|---|---|
| Goei Bing Nio | Oei Tjong-lan Oei Hui-lan (better known as Mrs Wellington Koo). | - |
| The Khiam Nio | Oei Djoe Nio | - |
| The Tjik Nio | Oei Hwan Nio Oei Oen Nio Oei Liang Nio Oei Siok Kiong Nio | Oei Tjong Tee Oei Tjong Swan Oei Tjong Yoe Oei Tjong Tiong Oei Tjong Liam |
| Ong Tjiang Tjoe Nio | Oei Siok Kiong Nio Oei Bien Nio | - |
| Ong Mie Hoa Nio | Oei Swat Nio | Oei Tjong Hauw Oei Tjong Tjiat Oei Tjong Yan Oei Tjong Ik |
| Njoo Swat Ting Nio | Oei Siok Ing Nio | - |
| Ho Kiem Hoa Nio (alias Lucy Ho); moved to Singapore with Oei. She lived with him until his death. | Oei Twan Nio | Oei Tjong Ie Oei Tjong Bo |
| Tan Sien Nio | Oei Siang Nio | - |
References
- 1 2 Liem, Thian Joe. "Oei Tiong Ham Unpublished History of Kian Gwan". Semaran Photo Archives. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ↑ Oei Tiong Ham Park is a place in Singapore on the Map of Singapore
- 1 2 Rush, James R. (2007). Opium to Java : Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860-1910 (1st Equinox ed.). Jakarta: Equinox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd. p. 249. ISBN 9793780495.
- ↑ Hwee Hoon, Lee. "Oei Tiong Ham". Singapore Infopedia. Singapore National Library Board. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
- ↑ Rush, James R. (2007). Opium to Java : Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860-1910 (1st Equinox ed.). Jakarta: Equinox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd. ISBN 9793780495.
- ↑ Hwee Hoon, Lee. "Oei Tiong Ham". Singapore Infopedia. Singapore National Library Board. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
- K. Yoshihara, The Rise of Ersatz Capitalism in South East Asia, (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1988)
External links
- Oei Tiong Ham, the man of 200 million - Look under section 'people'.
- Claudine Salmon, "A Critical View of the Opium Farmers as Reflected in a 'Syair' by Boen Sing Hoo (Semarang,1889)"; in 'Indonesia', Special Issue (July 1991), pp.34,37,50,51 (PDF file, pp.10,13,26,27)