On the Mindless Menace of Violence
"On the Mindless Menace of Violence" was a speech given by Senator Robert F. Kennedy at the City Club of Cleveland on April 5, 1968, the day after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. He sought to counter the riots and disorder emerging in the United States' cities, and address the growing problem of violence in American society. Kennedy gave no specific solutions, but called upon people to enact change in the future to bring peace.
Background
Immediately following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4 and his subsequent speech on the matter in Indianapolis, Senator Robert Kennedy suspended all of his Presidential campaign appearances and withdrew to his hotel room.[1] After several phone conversations with black community leaders, he decided to speak out against the violent backlash to the assassination and carry forward with a scheduled appearance before the City Club of Cleveland. He also spoke with Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King Jr.'s wife, offering his condolences and dispatching John Lewis and Earl Graves to retrieve King's body.
That night at the Marott Hotel, Kennedy hosted a meeting with 14 local black leaders. The meeting had been arranged before the assassination by aide James Tolan. The group had debated among themselves as to whether they should hold the meeting. Kennedy eventually arrived, and the conversation quickly turned heated as leaders began accusing him of being an unreliable member of "the white establishment." He lost his temper, saying, "I don't need all this aggravation. I could sit next to my swimming pool. You know, God's been good to me and I really don't need anything. But I just feel that if He's been that good, I should try to put something back in. And you all call yourselves leaders and you've been moaning and groaning about personal problems. You haven't once talked about your own people."[2] The meeting ended with most attendees pledging their support to Kennedy's campaign.
Meanwhile in their rooms, Kennedy's speechwriters Adam Walinsky and Jeff Greenfield began working on a formal response with assistance over the phone from Theodore Sorenson in Dallas.[1] At about 02:30 on April 5, Kennedy discovered Walinsky asleep over his typewriter and Greenfield passed out on his bed.[2] Kennedy personally pulled the covers over Greenfield. The next morning, Walinsky and Greenfield inserted Sorenson's contributions and finished the speech. This was just before Kennedy left for Cleveland, after he had an interview with Jack Paar. During the flight he edited the speech and ultimately decided to talk about the "violence of institutions" inflicted against disadvantaged and disenfranchised peoples.
Kennedy rode into Cleveland in a white convertible. An aide from a phone-equipped vehicle waived down his car and informed him that police believed a sniper might be hiding in a church steeple across from the hotel where he was to give the speech. Bill Barry, Kennedy's bodyguard, suggested that the senator wait alongside the road while he would drive ahead to investigate. Kennedy angrily dismissed the suggestion, saying, "No. We'll never stop for that kind of threat."[2]
The speech
The speech was delivered during a hotel luncheon to approximately 2,200 members of the City Club of Cleveland, lasting only for 10 minutes.[2]
Summary
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Kennedy opened by dismissing his own political position and ambition as a presidential candidate and emphasizing the situation at hand,[3] saying,
“ | This is a time of shame and sorrow. It is not a day for politics. I have saved this one opportunity to speak briefly to you about this mindless menace of violence in America which again stains our land and every one of our lives. | ” |
He proceeded to talk about the futility of violence,[4] asking,
“ | Why? What has violence ever accomplished? What has it ever created? No martyr's cause has ever been stilled by his assassin's bullet. No wrongs have ever been righted by riots and civil disorders. A sniper is only a coward, not a hero, and an uncontrolled, uncontrollable mob is only the voice of madness, not the voice of the people. | ” |
Kennedy described how America was becoming increasingly tolerant of violence, from the acceptance of news reports on foreign slaughter, to the frequency of killing in movies and television shows, to insufficient gun control. He called for a unilateral "cleaning" of violence in society in order to solve the contemporary problems of the United States. He then criticized public and private establishment, in a speech where he had been invited in order to display his interest in business matters:[2]
“ | For there is another kind of violence, slower but just as deadly, destructive as the shot or the bomb in the night. This is the violence of institutions; indifference and inaction and slow decay. This is the violence that afflicts the poor, that poisons relations between men because their skin has different colors. This is a slow destruction of a child by hunger, and schools without books and homes without heat in the winter.
This is the breaking of a man's spirit by denying him the chance to stand as a father and as a man among other men. And this too afflicts us all. |
” |
Even in the 1960s, these words were radical and potentially controversial.[2]
Kennedy listed no specific programs and gave no specific solutions to the problems at hand,[3] but called upon people to work together to take action.[5] He finished:
“ | Our lives on this planet are too short and the work to be done too great to let this spirit flourish any longer in our land. Of course we cannot vanish it with a program, nor with a resolution. But we can perhaps remember - even if only for a time - that those who live with us are our brothers, that they share with us the same short movement of life, that they seek - as we do - nothing but the chance to live out their lives in purpose and happiness, winning what satisfaction and fulfillment they can. Surely this bond of common faith, this bond of common goal, can begin to teach us something. Surely we can learn, at least, to look at those around us as fellow men and surely we can begin to work a little harder to bind up the wounds among us and to become in our hearts brothers and countrymen once again. | ” |
The audience gave Kennedy a standing ovation.[2]
Legacy
Though greatly overshadowed by his remarks the day before and less noticed, the speech is still considered to be significant to grasping Robert Kennedy's mindset and understanding violence in American society.[5][6] Jack Newfield said the speech was "probably the best written text of the campaign, and perhaps of Kennedy's public career." Newfield also asserted that the address was a suitable epitaph for Kennedy himself.[1] John M. Murphy listed the oration as a primary example of a jeremiad.[7]
President Barack Obama quoted his words in an open letter to American law enforcement in the aftermath of the 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers, saying he "lamented in the wake of unjust violence a country in which we look at our neighbors as people 'with whom we share a city, but not a community.'"[3]
See also
- Robert F. Kennedy's speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
- Day of Affirmation Address
External links
- Audio of the speech from the City Club
References
- 1 2 3 Newfield, pp. 248–250.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Clarke 2008, pp. 103–110.
- 1 2 3 Rothman, Lily (19 July 2016). "President Obama Turns to Kennedy Speech for Open Letter to Law Enforcement". TIME. United States: Time Inc. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
- ↑ "Kennedy: Words of hope echo from the past". Houston Chronicle. Houston, Texas: Hearst Corporation. July 8, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
- 1 2 Martin, Zachary J. (2009). The Mindless Menace of Violence: Robert F. Kennedy's Vision and the Fierce Urgency of Now. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 978-0761844501.
- ↑ Duffy & Leeman 2005, p. 245.
- ↑ ""A time of shame and sorrow": Robert F. Kennedy and the American jeremiad - Abstract". Taylor & Francis. Abingdon-on-Thames: Informa UK Limited. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
Sources
- Newfield, Jack (1988). Robert Kennedy: A Memoir (3rd ed.). New York City: Plume. ISBN 978-0452260641.
- Clarke, Thurston (2008). The Last Campaign: Robert F. Kennedy and 82 Days That Inspired America (Illustrated ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 978-0805077926.
- Duffy, Bernard K.; Leeman, Richard W. (2005). American Voices: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Orators. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313327902.