Operation Labrador

Operation Labrador
Part of the Croatian War of Independence
Zagreb Zagreb on a map of Croatia
Type	Bombing
Location	Zagreb, Croatia 45°48′42″N 15°58′54″E / 45.81154°N 15.981672°ECoordinates: 45°48′42″N 15°58′54″E / 45.81154°N 15.981672°E
Target	Jewish Community Centre and Jewish graves at the Mirogoj Cemetery
Date	19 August 1991
Executed by	Yugoslav Air Force's Counterintelligence Service
Casualties	None

Operation Labrador was a false flag operation carried out by the Yugoslav Air Force's Counterintelligence Service (KOS) in the Croatian capital city of Zagreb during the early stages of the Croatian War of Independence. It was devised as a series of terrorist attacks intended to create an image of Croatia as a pro-fascist state. Two bombings were carried out on 19 August 1991, with one at the Jewish Community Centre and a second near Jewish graves at the Mirogoj Cemetery; there were no casualties. Additional attacks targeted the national railway network and were designed to implicate the Croatian President. Operation Labrador was complemented by Operation Opera — a propaganda campaign devised by the KOS to feed disinformation to the media.

Further activities of Operation Labrador were abandoned in September, after Croatian authorities captured the Yugoslav Air Force regional headquarters in Zagreb, and confiscated documents related to the operation. The authorities took nearly a month to analyze the captured documents, allowing time for the principal agents involved in the bombings to flee. Fifteen others were arrested in connection with the attack, but they were subsequently released in a prisoner exchange. Five KOS agents involved in Operation Labrador were tried in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on terrorism charges and acquitted. Croatian authorities captured two KOS agents who were part of the operation and tried them along with seven other agents who were tried in absentia. Those in custody were acquitted, while those tried in absentia were convicted.

The existence of Operation Labrador was further confirmed through the testimony of a former KOS agent, Major Mustafa Čandić, during the trial of Slobodan Milošević at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in 2002.

Background

In August 1990, an insurrection took place in Croatia centering in the predominantly Serb-populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland near Knin,^[1] the Lika, Kordun, and Banovina regions, and eastern Croatia.^[2] The areas were subsequently named SAO Krajina (Serb Autonomous Oblast) and, after local leaders announced their intention to integrate SAO Krajina with Serbia, the Government of Croatia declared the SAO Krajina secession movement a rebellion.^[3] By March 1991, the conflict had escalated into the Croatian War of Independence.^[4] In June 1991, Croatia declared its independence as Yugoslavia disintegrated.^[5] A three-month moratorium followed,^[6] after which the declaration came into effect on 8 October 1991.^[7] The SAO Krajina, renamed Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) on 19 December 1991, responded with a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Croatian civilians.^[8]

With the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) lending support to SAO Krajina leadership and the Croatian Police unable to cope with the situation, the Croatian National Guard (ZNG) was formed in May 1991.^[9] The development of the military of Croatia was hampered by a UN arms embargo introduced in September,^[10] while the military conflict in Croatia continued to escalate.^[11] The JNA maintained substantial forces in the Croatian capital, Zagreb, throughout 1991.^[12]

Bombings

Palmotićeva Street in Zagreb

In August 1991, the Yugoslav Air Force's Counterintelligence Service (KOS) executed a series of activities, codenamed Operation Labrador, aimed at discrediting the new Croatian government. Operation Labrador was planned to include several terrorist attacks that would go hand-in-hand with the activities of Operation Opera — a propaganda campaign devised to feed disinformation to the media. The two operations were intended to portray Croatia as a pro-fascist state.^[13] An alternative name for Operation Opera was Operation Opera-Orijentalis,^[14] or Operation Opera Orientalis.^[15]

Operation Labrador was headed by Colonel General Slobodan Rakočević, head of the Yugoslav Air Force branch of the KOS, based in Zemun.^[16][17] In Zagreb, operational control of Labrador was assigned to Lieutenant Colonel Ivan Sabolović,^[18] and Major Čedo Knežević.^[16] Lieutenant Colonel Radenko Radojčić was tasked with the storage of a substantial quantity of explosives in Zagreb and its surrounding areas and the subsequent planting of explosive devices in designated locations.^[14][19] The explosives and other munitions were stored across several sites.^[20]

On 19 August, the Jewish Community Centre in Palmotićeva Street in Zagreb,^[21] and Jewish graves at the Mirogoj Cemetery, were bombed as a part of Operation Labrador.^[22] The explosions caused property damage, but resulted in no casualties. There were no public claims of responsibility for the attack.^[23] Aside from the two explosions in Zagreb, agents assigned to Operation Labrador were thought to also be responsible for bombing the Zagreb–Belgrade railway near Vinkovci and a railway line between Glina and Vojnić.^[14] The railway attacks have also been ascribed to Operation Opera.^[24]

Aftermath

In the immediate aftermath of the bombings in Zagreb, Josip Manolić, who had just been appointed head of the Croatian intelligence service, claimed Croatian right-wing extremists were responsible.^[14] Operation Labrador was abandoned after the ZNG and the Croatian police captured the Yugoslav Air Force headquarters in Zagreb on 15 September 1991, during the Battle of the Barracks. The materials captured inside the facility included codes and computer disks related to Operation Labrador, as well as Sabolović's notes. Sabolović turned the materials over to his immediate superior at headquarters, Mirko Martić, but Martić failed to destroy them. In response, Sabolović fled Zagreb. Croatian police took almost a month to analyze the captured materials properly and uncover Operation Labrador.^[18] Sabolović later claimed that only a part of the Operation Labrador network was dismantled,^[25] but he was contradicted by KOS Major Mustafa Čandić who was posted at the Zemun headquarters of KOS.^[16][26]

In autumn of 1991, Croatian intelligence services launched Operation Janissary (Operacija Janjičar) aimed at dismantling the remaining KOS network in Croatia. The operation was a joint operation of all Croatian intelligence services. It was authorized by Ivan Vekić and Gojko Šušak, then interior and defence ministers, and initially headed by Josip Perković.^[27] Fifteen suspects were arrested by the end of 1991; they were subsequently exchanged for Anton Kikaš, who was captured by the JNA while smuggling a plane-load of weapons to Croatia.^[28] The operation also produced a list of suspected KOS operatives in Croatia containing 1,789 names and pseudonyms.^[27]

Rakočević, Sabolović, Radojčić and two other former KOS agents were tried in Belgrade in 1993. The five were charged with instigation of terrorism and other crimes, but all were acquitted.^[29] Radojčić was arrested again in Zagreb in late 1993.^[27] The second Trial of Radojčić and eight other suspects charged in connection with Operations Labrador and Opera, held in Zagreb, ended with the acquittal of Radojčić and Ratomir Mažibrada, who were in custody, and the convictions of the other defendants who were all tried in absentia.^[28]

Testifying at the Trial of Slobodan Milošević at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in 2002, Čandić stated that all Operation Labrador agents left Zagreb and took the remaining documents with them. He also said that the KOS had an extensive network of informants within Croatian intelligence services and the ruling Croatian Democratic Union in 1991. Čandić also testified that the railway bombing near Vinkovci was intended to implicate Croatian President Franjo Tuđman.^[30]

Bomb damage to the Jewish Community Centre was repaired between February and September 1992,^[21] using government funds.^[31]

Footnotes

1. The New York Times 19 August 1990.
2. ICTY 12 June 2007.
3. The New York Times 2 April 1991.
4. The New York Times 3 March 1991.
5. The New York Times 26 June 1991.
6. The New York Times 29 June 1991.
7. Narodne novine 8 October 1991.
8. Klemenčič & Žagar 2004, p. 306.
9. EECIS 1999, pp. 272–278.
10. The Independent 10 October 1992.
11. UNSC 28 December 1994, Section III.
12. Thomas & Mikulan 2006, p. 51.
13. Armatta 2010, p. 149.
14. Bilić 2005, p. 172.
15. The Jerusalem Post 3 February 1993.
16. ICTY 11 November 2002, p. 12735.
17. Gow 2003, p. 61.
18. CIA 2002, p. 55.
19. ICTY 11 November 2002, p. 12816.
20. ICTY 11 November 2002, p. 12737.
21. JCZ 2012, p. 14.
22. Bilić 2005, p. 137.
23. The New York Times 20 August 1991.
24. ICTY 11 November 2002, p. 12740.
25. CIA 2002, p. 56.
26. Oslobođenje 1 October 2010.
27. Nacional 27 February 2006.
28. HRT 13 November 2002.
29. Radojčić 2009, p. 137.
30. Slobodna Dalmacija 12 November 2002.
31. Cvitanic 2011, p. 47.

References

Books, scientific and professional journals

• Armatta, Judith (2010). Twilight of Impunity: The War Crimes Trial of Slobodan Milosevic. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4746-0.
• Bilić, Ivan (March 2005). "Kronologija raspada SFRJ i stvaranje Republike Hrvatske do 15. siječnja 1992." [Chronology of Breakup of the SFR Yugoslavia and Creation of the Republic of Croatia until 15 January 1992]. National security and the future (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: St. George Association. 6 (1-2): 73–184. ISSN 1332-4454.
• Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Russian and European Analysis (2002). Balkan battlegrounds: a military history of the Yugoslav conflict, 1990–1995, Volume 2. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. ISBN 978-0-16-066472-4.
• Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. London, England: Routledge. 1999. ISBN 978-1-85743-058-5.
• Cvitanic, Marilyn (2011). Culture and Customs of Croatia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35117-4.
• Gow, James (2003). The Serbian Project and Its Adversaries: A Strategy of War Crimes. London, England: C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-85065-646-3.
• Klemenčič, Matjaž; Žagar, Mitja (2004). The Former Yugoslavia's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-294-3.
• Thomas, Nigel; Mikulan, Krunislav (2006). The Yugoslav Wars (1): Slovenia & Croatia 1991–95. Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-963-9.

News reports

• Bellamy, Christopher (10 October 1992). "Croatia built 'web of contacts' to evade weapons embargo". The Independent. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012.
• Engelberg, Stephen (3 March 1991). "Belgrade Sends Troops to Croatia Town". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013.
• Jelinić, Berislav; Šoštarić, Eduard; Mihovilović, Maroje (27 February 2006). "1789 agenata KOS-a u RH" [1789 KOS Agents in Croatia]. Nacional (weekly) (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 15 October 2013.
• "KOS je imao svoje doušnike u redovima HDZ-ovih dužnosnika" [KOS had Informants in HDZ Ranks]. Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). 12 November 2002. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.
• "Mustafa Čandić potvrdio višegodišnje pisanje Oslobođenja: Radončić je (bio) špijun Beograda" [Mustafa Čandić Confirms Years of Oslobođenje's Writing: Radončić is (was) Belgrade's Spy]. Oslobođenje (in Bosnian). 1 October 2010. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.
• "Roads Sealed as Yugoslav Unrest Mounts". The New York Times. Reuters. 19 August 1990. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013.
• Sudetic, Chuck (2 April 1991). "Rebel Serbs Complicate Rift on Yugoslav Unity". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013.
• Sudetic, Chuck (26 June 1991). "2 Yugoslav States Vote Independence To Press Demands". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012.
• Sudetic, Chuck (29 June 1991). "Conflict in Yugoslavia; 2 Yugoslav States Agree to Suspend Secession Process". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013.
• Sudetic, Chuck (20 August 1991). "Truce in Croatia on Edge of Collapse". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013.
• Tsur, Batsheva (3 February 1993). "Anatomy of a Balkan Frame-up". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.
• "Zašto je afera Labrador ostala u sjeni?" [Why Was Labrador Affair Sidetracked?] (in Croatian). Croatian Radiotelevision. 13 November 2002. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008.

International, governmental, and NGO sources

• McAlea, Dominic; Kaiser, Colin; Lund, Terje; Hoel, Oyvind (28 December 1994). "Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780 (1992), S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol. V)". United Nations Security Council. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
• "Odluka" [Decision]. Narodne novine (in Croatian). Narodne novine (53). 8 October 1991. ISSN 1333-9273.
• Radojčić, Radenko (December 2009). "Izjava" [Statement]. National security and the future (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: St. George Association. 10 (3-4): 49–222. ISSN 1332-4454.
• "The Prosecutor vs. Milan Martic – Judgement" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 12 June 2007.
• "Transcripts of the Trial of Slobodan Milošević". International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 11 November 2002. pp. 12732–12848.
• "Židovi i Zagreb - Sinagoga i Zagreb, 1806.-2012." [Jews and Zagreb - Synagogue and Zagreb, 1806–2012] (PDF). Jewish Community of Zagreb. 2012.

External links

• "Afera "opera"" [Opera Affair] (in Serbian). B92. 10 May 2003. - an interview with Branko Stanić and Slobodan Rakočević