Outline of Narnia

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Narnia:

Narnia – fantasy world created by C. S. Lewis as the primary location for his series of seven fantasy novels for children, The Chronicles of Narnia. The series tracks the story of Narnia when humans, usually children, enter the Narnian world from 'our world', or Earth, and meet Aslan, the creator of the world, in the book. The world is named after the country of Narnia, in which much of the action of the Chronicles takes place. In Narnia, some animals can talk, mythical beasts abound, and magic is common.

What type of thing is Narnia?

Narnia can be described as all of the following:

• Fiction – form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). Although fiction often describes a major branch of literary work, it is also applied to theatrical, cinematic, and musical work.
  • Fantasy fiction – form of narrative from the genre of fiction that commonly uses magic and other supernatural phenomena as a primary plot element, theme, or setting. Many works within the genre take place in imaginary worlds where magic and magical creatures are common.
    • High fantasy fiction – a type of fantasy fiction defined either by its setting in an imaginary world or by the epic stature of its characters, themes and plot.^[1] The term "high fantasy" was coined by Lloyd Alexander in a 1971 essay, "High Fantasy and Heroic Romance".^[1]
    • a fantasy world – fictional setting comprising an entire planet, used in fantasy fiction, for example in novels and games. Typical worlds involve magic or magical abilities and often, but not always, either a medieval or futuristic theme. Some worlds may be a parallel world tenuously connected to Earth via magical portals or items; a fictional Earth set in the remote past or future; or an entirely independent world set in another universe.
  • a fictional setting –
    • a fictional universe – a universe that is made up. The Chronicles of Narnia describe a fictional universe with many worlds and dimensions, including Earth, Narnia, and others.
      • a constructed world –
        • a fantasy world – fictional setting comprising an entire planet, used in fantasy fiction, for example in novels and games. Typical worlds involve magic or magical abilities and often, but not always, either a medieval or futuristic theme. Some worlds may be a parallel world tenuously connected to Earth via magical portals or items; a fictional Earth set in the remote past or future; or an entirely independent world set in another universe.
        • a paracosm –
      • a fictional parallel universe –
• Intellectual property – creations of the mind. Intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works.
  • a media franchise – collection of media whereby intellectual property (IP) is licensed from an original work of media (usually a work of fiction), such as a film, a work of literature, a television program or a video game, to other parties or partners for commercial exploitation. A property can be exploited across a range of mediums and by a variety of industries for merchandising purposes. Narnia has been marketed in the form of books and movies, soundtracks (music) of the movies are available, and Narnian characters have been portrayed on T-shirts, have been sold as toys, etc.

The Chronicles of Narnia media franchise

• Published works
  • Author: C.S. Lewis
    • The Chronicles of Narnia – series of seven high fantasy novels by C. S. Lewis, about the adventures of children who play central roles in the unfolding history of the fictional realm of Narnia, a place where animals talk, magic is common, and good battles evil. It is considered a classic of children's literature and is the author's best-known work, having sold over 100 million copies in 47 languages.^[2]
      • The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy Pevensie are transported to the mystical land of Narnia through a magical wardrobe. It is the first book in the series, but the second story chronologically (the first being The Magician's Nephew). It is the best known story of the series, and the most widely held in libraries.^[3]
      • Prince Caspian – the four Pevensie children return to Narnia about one year later in England but 1300 years later in Narnia. During their absence they have become legendary Kings and Queens of Narnia. Prince Caspian, a refugee from his own land, magically recalls them for assistance and they arrive as children once again.
      • The Voyage of the Dawn Treader – features a second return to the Narnia world, about three years later in Narnia and one year later in England, by Edmund and Lucy Pevensie. Prince Caspian is now King Caspian X. He leads a sea voyage to the eastern end of the world, which the English siblings and their cousin Eustace Scrubb magically join soon after his ship Dawn Treader sets sail.
      • The Silver Chair – set primarily in the world of Narnia, decades after The Voyage of the Dawn Treader there but less than a year later in England. King Caspian X is now an old man but his son and only heir Prince Rilian is missing. Aslan the lion sends two children from England to Narnia on a mission to resolve the mystery: Eustace Scrubb, and Jill Pole.
      • The Horse and His Boy – only Narnia chronicle that features native rather than English children as the main characters and the only one set entirely in the Narnia world. It is set during the last chapter of the inaugural The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe; that is, during the reign of the four Pevensie children as Kings and Queens of Narnia. The story features two children and two talking horses fleeing north through Calormen to Narnia; while in Calormen's capital city, they discover a raid being planned on Narnia's southern neighbor Archenland.
      • The Magician's Nephew – prequel which features the creation of the Narnia world by Aslan the lion, centered at a lamp-post brought by accidental observers Digory Kirke and Polly Plummer, from London during year 1900. The story also presents the origin story of Jadis (The White Witch).
      • The Last Battle – set almost entirely in the Narnia world and the English children who participate arrive only in the middle of the narrative. The novel is set some 200 Narnian years after The Silver Chair and about 2500 years since the creation of the world narrated in The Magician's Nephew. A false Aslan is set up in the north-western borderlands and conflict between true and false Narnians merges with that between Narnia and Calormen, whose people worship Tash. It concludes with termination of the world by Aslan, after the "last battle".
• Adaptations of The Chronicles of Narnia (films, etc.)
  • The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (ITV TV serial) (1967 TV serial)
  • The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (Animated TV film) (1979 film)
  • The Chronicles of Narnia (BBC TV serial)
    • Season 1 (1988): The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
    • Season 2 (1989): Prince Caspian/The Voyage of the Dawn Treader
    • Season 3 (1990): The Silver Chair
  • The Chronicles of Narnia (film series, and related products)
    • The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005)
      • The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (soundtrack)
      • The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (video game)
    • The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2008)
      • The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (soundtrack)
      • The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (video game)
    • The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010)
      • The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (soundtrack)
      • The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (video game)
    • About the series
      • List of Chronicles of Narnia cast members
      • Critical response to the Chronicles of Narnia films
      • Music of The Chronicles of Narnia films
      • List of accolades received by the Chronicles of Narnia franchise
      • List of actors who have played Narnia characters

Characters of Narnia

Some characters from throughout Narnia:

Human characters

• Prince Caspian – also known as Caspian X, was crowned King of Narnia with the help of Aslan and the Pevensie children. Afterwards, he voyages to the edge of the world in his ship, the Dawn Treader. Father of Prince Rilian, who was taken from him just after the death of his wife from a serpent attack. His descendants were:
  • Rilian – only son of King Caspian X, who fell under the enchantment of the Green Witch (Lady of the Green Kirtle) for ten years.
    • Erlian –
      • Tirian – protagonist of The Last Battle, in which he is the last King of Narnia, who has to defend his kingdom against subversion and invasion. He is well respected by the Narnians, and a skilled swordsman. He is descended from Prince Caspian, and is the son of King Erlian.
• Cor – King of Archenland after Lune. He was Shasta, who traveled from Archenland with Aravis, Hwin, and Bree. He married Aravis.
• Coriakin – wizard encountered in the The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. Coriakin was originally a star, who, as reparation for past misdeeds was charged by Aslan to rule the Duffers and guide them to wisdom. The nature of Coriakin's misdeeds is not specified.
• Lord Drinian – captain of the Dawn Treader, friend of Prince Rillian and his father King Caspian X
• Digory Kirke – he's the Magician's Nephew, and was there (with Polly Plummer) when Narnia was created. When just a boy of 11 years of age, he faced Jadis, before she became the White Witch. Forty years later, he was the professor with whom the Pevensie children stayed during World War II. He had a wardrobe made from the wood of a tree grown from the seed of a magic apple he acquired during his adventures on the world of Narnia.
• Frank and Helen – first rulers of Narnia. Prior to this, Frank and Helen were both country folk, who lived in London due to economic necessity, in or about 1900AD. Frank drove a horse-drawn carriage while Helen kept house, before the Magician's Nephew brought Jadis to town.
• Miraz – usurping king of Narnia, son of Caspian VIII. He killed his brother, Caspian IX, in order to assume the throne just after the birth of his nephew, Prince Caspian.
• Pevensie children
  • Peter Pevensie – friend of Narnia, High King of Narnia, The Magnificent, Lord of Cair Paravel, Emperor of the Lone Islands
  • Susan Pevensie – eldest sister and the second eldest Pevensie child. She appears in three of the seven books—as a child in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and Prince Caspian, and as an adult in The Horse and His Boy. She is also mentioned in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Last Battle. During her reign at the Narnian capital of Cair Paravel, she is known as Queen Susan the Gentle or Queen Susan of the Horn.
  • Edmund Pevensie – friend of Narnia, King of Narnia, The Just
  • Lucy Pevensie – friend of Narnia, Queen of Narnia, The Valiant
• Polly Plummer – friend and neighbor of the Magician's Nephew (Digory Kirke). With him, discovered the Wood between the Worlds, Charn, and the world of Narnia (at the Lantern Waste).
• Jill Pole – friend of Narnia, adventuress
• Ramandu – star, father-in-law of Caspian X
• Ramandu's Daughter – daughter of Ramandu, she is unnamed in the books. She marries Caspian X, and is killed by a green serpent, later revealed as the Lady of the Green Kirtle.
• Eustace Scrubb – friend of Narnia, cousin of the Pevensies, reformed pest
• Seven Great Lords of Narnia
  • Lord Argoz –
  • Lord Bern – Duke of Lone Islands
  • Lord Mavramorn –
  • Lord Octesian – died on Dragon Isle
  • Lord Restimar – died on Deathwater
  • Lord Revilian –
  • Lord Rhoop – rescued from the Dark Island
• Shasta – young boy brought up by Arsheesh, meets the talking horse Bree, who persuades him to escape Calormen by riding north for Narnia. Shasta discovers he is really Prince Cor of Archenland, and helps to save Narnia from invasion. He eventually becomes the King Cor of Archenland.
• Emeth Tarkaan – young Calormene officer, second in command of a detachment of the Tisroc's soldiers under Rishda Tarkaan who enter Narnia in the guise of merchants. This is as part of a conspiracy to seize the north of the country by using the Narnians' faith in a false Aslan controlled by the ape Shift.
• Aravis Tarkheena – daughter of a Calormene nobleman. She flees on her horse to escape an arranged marriage. Her horse, Hwin, is revealed to be a talking beast from the land of Narnia. Aravis overhears a plot by the Calormenes to invade Archenland and Narnia, and along with Hwin, Shasta, and Bree, warns the Archenlanders in time to thwart the invasion. Aravis eventually marries Shasta, to become Queen of Archenland.
• The Tisroc – supreme ruler of Calormen
  • Prince Rabadash – Crown Prince and later Tisroc of Calormen. He led the failed Calormene invasion of Narnia. Called "Rabadash the Peacemaker" to his face, and "Rabadash the Ridiculous" behind his back.

Creature characters

• Talking animals
  • Aslan – Great Lion, the Son of the Emperor-Beyond-the-Sea, the Lord of Cair Paravel, the Emperor of the Lone Islands, High King of All High Kings and the Creator and Lord of Narnia. More than just a talking lion, Aslan uses the power of Deeper Magic from before the Dawn of Time. Aslan was the only character to appear in all 7 books of the series.
  • Mr. and Mrs. Beaver
    • Mr Beaver – builder of the dam near Beaversdam, he is the first Narnian to meet all four Pevensie children. He and his wife shelter the children and tell them of Narnia before leading them to Aslan
    • Mrs Beaver – she and Mr. Beaver provide shelter, food, and information for the four Pevensie children. When the White Witch sends an army of wolves after the children, Mr. and Mrs. Beaver escort the children to the Stone Table to meet Aslan. She makes good tea, but according to Mr Beaver is an indifferent cook.
  • Reepicheep – Chief Mouse of Narnia, member of the Most Noble Order of the Lion, famed for his courage and skill with a rapier. He fights for Prince Caspian and later travels with him to the end of the world.
  • Shift – ape, influenced the donkey Puzzle to impersonate Aslan and gain control over Narnia. The Calormenes were later able to take over Narnia because of this. Ultimately, Shift is devoured by Tash.
  • Talking horses
    • Breehy-hinny-brinny-hoohy-hah (Bree for short) – horse, escaped captivity from Calormen and carries Shasta in his travels with Aravis
    • Hwin – talking mare from Narnia, but brought up in captivity in Calormen; carries Aravis in her travels with Shasta
  • Maugrim – talking wolf, Captain of the White Witch's secret police during her 100-year wintry reign of Narnia. Killed by King Peter. He is called Fenris Ulf in some American editions of the books.
• Centaurs – Centaurs in Narnia are half-horse, half-human, just as they are in Greek mythology. The Narnian centaurs are always seen positively, unlike the centaurs of Greek mythology. In all their Narnia appearances they are seen as wise prophets or sages, loyal courtiers and majestic, powerful warriors.
  • Glenstorm –
  • Roonwit –
• Dwarves
  • Trumpkin – Red Dwarf, seeks out Pevensies
• Puddleglum – marshwiggle, acts as a guide to Eustace and Jill as they journey through Ettinsmoor in search of Prince Rilian
• Tash – inexorable, god of the Calormenes, a skeletal figure with the head of a vulture and four arms, who demands blood sacrifices
• Tumnus – faun, befriends Lucy when she first arrives in Narnia and saves her from the White Witch.
• Witches – the witches of Narnia are evil and possess great magical power. Jadis is from another world and so is known to be not human, though she is very human-like. The species of the Green Lady is unknown, but she appears to be human.
  • Lady of the Green Kirtle – queen of the Underland, a powerful sorceress who kidnapped and enslaved Prince Rilian of Narnia and a horde of gnomes by her witchcraft, and planned to use them in a plot to take over Narnia. She is foiled by three friends of Aslan: Eustace Scrubb, Jill Pole, and Puddleglum.
  • White Witch – or Queen Jadis of Charn. Once ruler of the dead world of Charn, she subsequently enslaved Narnia in a 100-year winter

Cosmology of The Chronicles of Narnia universe

• Worlds and dimensions
  • Narnia (world)
  • Alambil – "Lady of Peace", a planet (moving star) in the heavens above Narnia
  • Earth (circa 1945)
  • Aslan's Country
  • Homeworld (unnamed) of Jadis, the White Witch – all life on the world had been destroyed by Jadis through an evil magic spell. Rivers have dried up, and not even weeds or insects live.
    • Charn – birthplace of Jadis, and capital of its world. When visited briefly by Digory and Polly, the protagonists of The Magician's Nephew, the city is totally deserted, lifeless and crumbling, under a dying sun.
  • Wood between the Worlds
• Supernatural or superpower beings
  • Aslan
  • White Witch

Geography of Narnia

• Narnia (world) – fantasy world created by C. S. Lewis as the primary location for his series of seven fantasy novels for children, The Chronicles of Narnia. The world is so called after the country of Narnia, in which much of the action of the Chronicles takes place.

Nations and large regions

• Narnia (country) – the country, of the world of the same name, around which the books revolve.
• Archenland – nation to the south of Narnia, and to the north of both nations' occasional (and final) enemy, Calormen.
• Calormen – large country to the southeast of Narnia. Narnia and Calormen are separated by a large desert and the country of Archenland.
• Telmar – home of the Telmarines, people descended from pirates who came from Earth through a rare gateway between the worlds. Prince Caspian, Miraz, Queen Prunaprismia, Lord Glozelle, and Lord Sopespian are Telmarines.
• Underland – lying beneath the land of Narnia, Underland appears mainly in The Silver Chair, where Eustace Scrubb and Jill Pole travel under the ground to reach it in their search for Prince Rilian. They find him in Underland and release him from his enchantment by The Lady of the Green Kirtle.^[4][5][6]

Natural features

• Lantern Waste – at the beginning of the world of Narnia, this was a wasteland, and the location where Aslan breathed life into the world. It became a woodland, and along with the trees there grew a lamppost with a magical lantern that never extinguished - a major landmark throughout The Chronicles of Narnia. The Lantern Waste is the first Narnian setting introduced in The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe. It is described as both the start and end of Narnia. It links directly to Earth from the wardrobe.

Cities, fortresses, and other populated places

• Anvard – moatless castle where King Lune of Archenland resides, made of red-brown stones and sits on a green lawn in front of a high woody ridge.
• Cair Paravel – castle where the Kings and Queens of Narnia rule. It is the location of the four thrones of High King Peter the Magnificent, Queen Susan the Gentle, King Edmund the Just, and Queen Lucy the Valiant.
• Miraz's Castle –

Other places

• Aslan's How – construction located south of the Great River in Narnia next to the Great Woods. It was built over the Hill of the Stone Table.

Fictional history of Narnia

• Battles in The Chronicles of Narnia
  • First Battle of Beruna – fought in Narnia at the edges of the Great River near the Fords of Beruna, in year 1000 (Narnian reckoning). It is the climactic battle of The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe.
  • Second Battle of Beruna –
  • The Last Battle (the Battle of Stable Hill) –
• Hundred-Year Winter – perpetual winter created by a spell of the White Witch in the country of Narnia. The final days of the Hundred Year Winter occur during The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, after the arrival of the Pevensie children.

Narnian Years

1 - The Creation of Narnia. The beasts made able to talk. Digory plants the tree of protection. The White Witch Jadis enters Narnia but flies to the far North. Frank I becomes King of Narnia.

180 - Prince Col, younger son of Frank V of Narnia, leads certain followers into Archenland (not then inhabited) and becomes first King of that country.

204 - Certain outlaws from Archenland fly across the Southern desert and set up the new kingdom of Calormen.

300 - The empire of Calormen spreads mightily. Calormenes colonize the land of Telmar to the West of Narnia.

302 - The Calormenes in Telmar behave very wickedly and Aslan turns them into dumb beasts. The country lies waste. King Gale of Narnia delivers the Lone Islands from a dragon and is made emperor by their grateful inhabitants.

407 - Olvin of Archenland kills the Giant Pire.

460 - Pirates from our world take possession of Telmar.

570 - Moonwood the Hare lives around this time.

898 - The White Witch Jadis returns into Narnia out of the far North.

900 - The Long Winter begins.

1000 - The Pevensies arrive in Narnia. The treachery of Edmund. The sacrifice of Aslan. The White Witch defeated and the Long Winter ended. Peter becomes High King of Narnia.

1014 - King Peter carries out a successful raid on the Northern Giants. Queen Susan and King Edmund visit the court of Calormen. King Lune of Archenland discovers his long lost son Prince Cor and defeats a treacherous attack by Prince Rabadash of Calormen.

1015 - The Pevensies hunt the White Stag and vanish out of Narnia.

1050 - Ram the Great succeeds Cor as King of Archenland.

1502 - About this time lives Queen Swanwhite of Narnia.*

1998 - The Telmarines invade and conquer Narnia. Caspian I becomes King of Narnia.

2290 - Prince Caspian, son of Caspian IX, born. Caspian IX murdered by his brother Miraz who usurps the throne.

2303 - Prince Caspian escapes from his uncle Miraz. Civil War in Narnia. By the aid of Aslan and of the Pevensies, whom Caspian summons with Queen Susan's magic Horn, Miraz is defeated and killed. Caspian becomes King Caspian X of Narnia.

2304 - Caspian X defeats the Northern Giants.

2306-7 - Caspian X great voyage to the end of the world.

2310 - Caspian X marries Ramandu's daughter.

2325 - Prince Rilian is born.

2345 - The Queen killed by a serpent. Rilian disappears.

2356 - Eustace and Jill appear in Narnia and rescue Prince Rilian. Death of Caspian X.

2534 - Outbreak of outlaws in Lantern Waste. Towers built to guard the region.

2555 - Rebellion of Shift the Ape. King Tirian rescued by Eustace and Jill. Narnia in the hands of the Calormenes. The last battle. End of Narnia. End of the World.

• There is a reference in The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe to Queen Swanwhite living before the long winter. The history places the reign of Queen Swanwhite of Narnia at 1502, after the long winter.

English Years

1888 - Digory Kirke born.

1889 - Polly Plummer born.

1900 - Polly and Digory carried into Narnia by magic rings.

1927 - Peter Pevensie born.

1928 - Susan Pevensie born.

1930 - Edmund Pevensie born.

1932 - Lucy Pevensie born.

1933 - Eustace Scrubb and Jill Pole born.

1940 - The Pevensies, staying with Digory (now Professor) Kirke, reach Narnia through the Magic Wardrobe.

1941 - The Pevensies again brought into Narnia by the blast of the magic Horn.

1942 - Edmund, Lucy, and Eustace reach Narnia and take voyage.

1942 - Eustace and Jill, from Experiment House, are carried away into Narnia.

1949 - Serious accident on the British Railways. Digory, Polly, Eustace, Jill, and the entire Pevensie family except Susan are killed.

Other items or objects

• Dawn Treader – Narnian ship built by King Caspian X and is featured primarily in the book The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. It was the first Narnian ship to be built since the Golden Age and was commissioned by King Caspian, so that he might sail beyond the Lone Islands and on to the unknown Eastern Ocean to seek the Seven Great Lords – friends of his father who had disappeared during the reign of Miraz as Lord Protector of Narnia after he had murdered King Caspian IX.
• The Lantern – a mysterious lamp post with an everburning lantern out in the middle of nowhere in Narnia, in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. It grew from an iron rod brought to Narnia by Jadis (the White Witch) which she tore from a lamppost in 19th century London (in The Magician's Nephew). See also the Lantern Waste.

Spells

• Deplorable Word – magical curse which ends all life on the world of Charn except that of the one who speaks it (Jadis, who later became the White Witch)
• Winter spell – spell cast by the White Witch, Jadis, to make it Winter all year round, but never reach Christmas. It was the cause of the Hundred-Year Winter in the country of Narnia.

See also

• The Kilns – house on the outskirts of Headington Quarry, where the author C. S. Lewis wrote all of his famous Narnia books and other classics
• Religion in The Chronicles of Narnia

References

1. Brian Stableford, The A to Z of Fantasy Literature, (p. 198), Scarecrow Press,Plymouth. 2005. ISBN 0-8108-6829-6
2. "CS Lewis, Chronicles of Narnia author, honoured in Poets' corner". The Telegraph. Retrieved 24 February 2013
3. "Lewis, C. S. (Clive Staples)1898–1963". WorldCat. Retrieved 2012-12-09
4. Farrah Weinstein (6 December 2005), THE BOTTOM LION FROM NARNIA, New York Post, retrieved 2009-09-01
5. Pastor Paul Friberg, ‘The Lion, The Witch, And The Wardrobe’, Herald Journal, retrieved 2009-09-01
6. Nancy Pate (18 December 2000), `The Chronicles of Narnia', Access My Library, retrieved 2009-09-01

Further reading

• Bruner, Kurt & Ware, Jim Finding God in the Land of Narnia, Tyndale House Publishers, 2005
• Bustard, Ned The Chronicles of Narnia Comprehension Guide, Veritas Press, 2004
• Duriez, Colin A Field Guide to Narnia. InterVarsity Press, 2004
• Downing, David Into the Wardrobe: C. S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles, Jossey-Bass, 2005
• Gormley, Beatrice (2005). C. S. Lewis: The Man behind Narnia. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Books for young readers. ISBN 0-8028-5301-3.
• Hein, Rolland Christian Mythmakers: C. S. Lewis, Madeleine L'Engle, J. R. R. Tolkien, George MacDonald, G.K. Chesterton, & Others Second Edition, Cornerstone Press Chicago, 2002, ISBN 978-0-940895-48-5
• Jacobs, Alan The Narnian: The Life and Imagination of C. S. Lewis, HarperSanFrancisco, 2005
• McIntosh, Kenneth Following Aslan: A Book of Devotions for Children, Anamchara Books, 2006
• Ward, Michael Planet Narnia: The Seven Heavens in the Imagination of C. S. Lewis, Oxford University Press, 2008

External links

• HarperCollins site for the books
• C. S. Lewis entry at BBC Religions
• The secret of the wardrobe BBC News, 18 November 2005