P. Chenchiah

Pandipeddi Chenchiah (1886–1959), spelt also as Pandippedi Chenchiah, a second generation indigenous convert to Christianity, was a jurist, South Indian Christian theologian, and radical thinker of Rethinking Christianity in India group for Indianisation of Christianity. He published Rethinking Christianity in India, as an Indian Christian answer to the Hendrik Kraemer's The Christian Message in a Non-Christian World.[1][2]

He along with his brother-in-law Vengal Chakkarai were the founders of Madras Christo Samaj, influenced by Calcutta Christo Samaj founded by K.C. Banerjee and J.G. Shome—Both Madras Presidency and Calcutta were British East India Company provinces - later part of British Raj.[3][4][5][6]

Biography

Chenchiah was born into a Hindu Brahmin home in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh (India), in 1886.[7] He was the oldest of 12 children who grew up together.[8] At the age of 15, Chenchiah converted to Christianity, along with his family and he was baptized by William Miller, a Scottish Missionary.[9] Chenchiah went on to marry Matilda Raghaviah, and had 1 son and 4 daughters.[10]

Chenchiah got his education from Madras Christian College that grew enormously under William Miller — Scottish missionary, principal. He received a degree in philosophy in 1906, where he received a Gold medal for "proficiency in Philosophy."[11] He then did his Bachelor of Laws degree (BL) in 1908, and a Master of Laws degree (ML) in 1913, from Madras Law College.[11] He started his practice as an advocate of High Court of Madras, served as government servant in various offices.[1][2][3][6] One source states that Chenchiah became the Judge of the district of Pudukottah, in the Madras Presidency (now Tamil Nadu), in 1928.[12] Another source provides a later date, saying that Chenchiah became a Judge in 1935.[13] According to V. Devasahayam, Chenchiah "retired from that position after refusing to yield to Government pressure to pass a verdict in their favor."[14] Chenchiah rejoined the Madras High Court, and became the Chief Examiner of the Law exams for the Madras and Andhra Universities.[14]

Chenchiah was a "voracious reader," and "it was through this interest in philosophy and ethics that Chenchiah grew in prominence in Christian circles."[15] He pursued "active friendships with people of others faiths" and was involved in several formal and informal inter-faith discussions.[15]

Chenchiah "wrote for two prominent Christian journals, Guardian and The Pilgrim." [15] Chenchiah served as the editor of The Pilgrim from 1949 to 1952.[15] He was also on the editorial committee of the Christian Patriot, an Indian Christian nationalistic organ, between 1916 and 1924. He was a member of Board of Directors of the Young Men's Christian Association(YMCA), Madras(present Chennai). He also served as a member of Executive committee of the National Missionary Society. He was one of the founders of Madras Christo Samaj in Madras Presidency, and has been actively associated with the Bangalore Continuation conference for the discussion association with problems of Indian Christian life.[3] Apart from this, Chenchiah represented the South Indian Union Church at the International Missionary Conference at Jerusalem (1928) and was listed as a "Judge" at the International Missionary Conference at Tambaram (1938).[15]

His most significant association was with the "Madras Rethinking Group." Some have pointed out that it was William Miller, who played a major role in encouraging Chenchiah and his brother-in-law Vengal Chakkarai Chetti to rethink Christianity within the Indian context, possibly in an effort to integrate Hinduism and Christianity.[16] The results of the Group were printed as a book called Rethinking Christianity in India. [17]

Chenchiah died "due to a short illness on April 19, 1959, in Madras."[17]

Writings

Chenchiah was a prolific writer and wrote on several themes, but mainly about rethinking Christianity in the Indian context. His "main theological writings are found in coauthored books Rethinking Christianity in India and Asramas: Past and Present, as well as in several articles written in Guardian, The Pilgrim and a number of other journals."[18]

Theology

Chenchiah is one of the Christian theologians featured in Robin Boyd's Introduction to Indian Christian Theology. In it, Boyd states that Chenchiah was primarily Christological in his thinking and focussed upon the integration of Hinduism and Christianity.

Rethinking Christianity in India

Chenchiah spoke against the Western Christian theology and Church practice; inspired by the teachings of Aurobindo Ghose, Teilhard de Chardin, and Master C.V.V, and also basing his thoughts on New Testament, he developed a new interpretation of Christian doctrine. He was one of the founders of Christo Samaj of Madras in 1908 with an aim of coordinating the country, the church, and the mission to the supreme purpose of Jesus Christ. Its leaders, including V. Chakkarai, S.K. George, P.A. Thangasami, and others met every year in South India to discuss political, economical, and religious issues. The members of this group later came to be known as The Rethinking Group.[3][4][5]

He was instrumental in the formation of Rethinking Christianity Group in India, after the publication of Rethinking Christianity in India, in 1938, as Indian Christian's reply to Church-centered missiology of V.S. Azariah and Hendrik Kraemer's The Christian Message in a Non-Christian World, a Barthian theology. He led the group of Indian Christians along with Vengal Chakkarai, and formed Rethinking Christianity Group in Madras that argued that Indian Christian community could not ignore the common Hindu heritage, its culture, and traditions.[1][2][6][19]

In his article Rethinking Christianity in India, Chenchiah countered Kraemer's understanding of religion. He believed there are two possible realities at the core of every religion; one, a pivotal personality like Rama, Krishna, Jesus, or Budha; two, the discovery of a truth or principle as the all-inclusive nature of Brahman. According to Chenchiah, "A religion grows up around one or both of these realities, providing different means to comprehend the principle and follow and emulate the personality." [sic] Though Chenchaih agreed Kraemer's belief that religion is a human creation, both Chenchaih and Kraemer took different approaches to the study of religion; Kraemer on one hand, advocated missionary's approach—the missionary perceives Christianity as the one means to understand God and studies other religions either out of curiosity or to affirm his conviction of Christianity's superiority - Christian revelation is the only means to understand God, an approach pivotal to the Kraemer's missiology; Chenchaiah on the other hand, being a second generation convert, seems to had grown dissatisfied with what the Church had to offer in response to the Indian context in which he lived and through which he was trying to understand the faith. He, like other Indian indigenous converts, studied other religions to rediscover the message of Christianity. In addition, Chenchiah seems to had interest in comparing religions as systems and then showing what they have in common and where they differ.[1]

New Creation

He considered Christianity to have represented a new stage in the evolution of man; hence, with the power of the Holy Spirit, Christians can become one with Him, and so become a "new creature." He advocated his entire life the policy of "Christian policy"—to live Christ is to preach Christ. According to him, human history has begun a new revolutionary chapter in Jesus—the fact of Christ is the birth of a new order in creation; Christianity is not primarily a doctrine of salvation but the announcement of the advent of a new creative order in Jesus—The Christian is a new creation - The Holy Spirit is the new cosmic energy - the kingdom of God is the new order - the children of God, the new type that Christ had inaugurated.[20][21]

He was baptized along with his father, when he was a boy and raised as a Christian from infancy; however, he believed that the Christian faith must be open to receive new insights from Indian culture. He felt uneasy with Western concept of Church and advocated for a new indigenized Christ-ism from the gospels, using his Hindu perspective.[1][6][20]

Criticism

Critics pointed Chenchiah for giving undue weightage to the epic figures like Krishna and Rama; in spite of, being mythic figures of Hinduism, yet not the core personalities in their tradition as Jesus in Christian tradition and Buddha in Buddhism tradition. Both Chenchiah and Kraemer differed the way Christian religion is differentiated with Christian faith. According to Chenchiah:[1]

“ The Church does not teach us the mystery of a new birth. It detracts our attention from the central fact. It substitutes a new scheme to realize the Kingdom of God by a reformation of this world and of becoming the children of God by repentance and faith....Dr. Kraemer thinks that Hinduism and Buddhism differ from Christianity in that they are anthropo-centric while the latter is theo-centric ... he misses the essential point--in the practice of Christianity the Church depends on human effort as much as any other religion, though in theory the doctrine of grace is stressed.[1] ”

Works

Co-authored books

Select articles in nwwspapers and journals

(This is not an exhaustive bibliography of Chenchiah's articles)[22]

Other works

[1][2][23][24]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Niles, Damayanthi. Worshipping at the Feet of Our Ancestors. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 16–24. ISBN 9783643901903.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007). A Survey of Hinduism. SUNY Press. pp. 388–. ISBN 9780791470824.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES". archive.org. Retrieved 21 May 2012. P. CHENCHIAH was born in the Madras Presidency in 1886, member of a Brahmin family which became Christian in 1900.
  4. 1 2 "Threats against RI atheist teen being investigated" (PDF). biblicalstudies.org.uk. Retrieved 22 May 2012. The Christo Samaj of Madras, which was founded in 1908 with the aim of coordinating the factors - the country, the church and the mission to the supreme purpose of Jesus Christ, was supplanted by the 'Bangalore Conference Continuation' from 1977.
  5. 1 2 "The Madras Christo Samaj" (PDF). biblicalstudies.org.uk. Retrieved 22 May 2012. The Madras Christo Samaj is one of the organizational expressions of t~e striking group of South Indian Christians who have become generally known as "the Rethinking Group". P. Chenchiah and V. Chakkarai were the leading figures,
  6. 1 2 3 4 "CHURCHLESS CHRISTIANITY: CAN THERE BE A CHRISTIAN WITHOUT CHURCH?". pastorallwin.page.tl. Retrieved 20 May 2012. Chenchiah, a Hindu convert, felt an uneasy feeling with the western concept of Church and came up with a new indigenized Christ-ism from the gospels, using his Hindu perspective.
  7. ↑ V. Devasahayam, "Role of the Bible in the Writings of Pandipeddi Chenchiah" (Doctoral dissertation, Senate of Serampore, 1988), 12.
  8. ↑ Devasahayam, "Role of the Bible," 12.
  9. ↑ Devasahayam, "Role of the Bible," 12, 36.
  10. ↑ Devasahayam, "Role of the Bible," 13.
  11. 1 2 Devasahayam, "Role of the Bible," 14.
  12. ↑ Devasahayam, "Role of the Bible," 15.
  13. ↑ Herwig Wagner, Erstgestalten einer einheimischen Theologie in Sudindien, (Munich: Kaiser, 1963), 13. For brief discussion of this difference see Kumar, What is Religion?: A Theological Answer, (Pickwick Publications, 2013), 118
  14. 1 2 Devasayaham, "Role of the Bible," 15.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Kumar, What is Religion?, 119.
  16. ↑ "Our focus through Institute for Advanced Christian Studies is to be academic with the commitment to raise Christian leadership in the present context of our society.". mcc.edu.in. Retrieved 22 May 2012. Justice Pandippedi Chenchiah, a Judge of Pudukottai and Vengal Chakkarai, the Major of Madras Corporation in 1941 were students of William Miller and became practising Christians.
  17. 1 2 Kumar, What is Religion?, 120.
  18. ↑ Kumar, What is Religion?, 121.
  19. ↑ "Edinburgh to Tambaram: A Paradigm Shift in Missions, or the horizon of Missions broadened?". edinburgh2010.org. Retrieved 22 May 2012. group of Indian theologians, led by Chenchiah and Chakkarai, formed the Rethinking Christianity group in Madras, which inter alia argued that Indian Christian community could not ignore the common Hindu heritage, its culture and traditions - thinkers like Chenchiah argued that the work of the Holy Spirit transcended the boundaries of the Church, and the examples like the Ashram movement are powerful illustrations of how Christianity could relate itself to certain Indian traditions and practices.
  20. 1 2 "Pandipeddi Chenchiah (1886-1959)". leocpps.blogspot.in. Retrieved 22 May 2012. A convert from Hinduism, Chenchiah was baptized along with his father as a small boy, and he retained his interest and reverential attitude to Hinduism.
  21. ↑ Hedges, Paul; Alan Race (2008). Christian Approaches to Other Faiths. Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd,. p. 221. ISBN 9780334041146.
  22. ↑ A more complete bibliography is found in Kumar, What is Religion?, 289-291.
  23. ↑ "Cheñchiah, Pandippedi books authored". searchworks.stanford.edu. Retrieved 23 May 2012. Problems of linguistic States in India - A history of Telugu literature
  24. ↑ "A History of Telugu Literature. By P. Chenchiah and Raja M. Bhuanga Rao Bahadur". School of Oriental and African Studies. journals.cambridge.org. Retrieved 23 May 2012.

Sources

External links

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