Parula

Parula
Northern parula
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Parulidae
Genus: Parula
Bonaparte, 1838
Species
  • P. americana
  • P. pitiayumi
Synonyms

Parula was formerly a small genus of New World warblers which breed in North and South America.

In 1758, Linnaeus classified the northern parula as a tit, Parus americanus, and as taxonomy developed the genus name was modified first to Parulus and then the current form. The family name, Parulidae, also derives from this source.

Most recently, the two species were:

(Flame-throated and crescent-chested warblers were formerly classified in this genus.)

Taxonomy

Recent genetic research has suggested that Parula and Setophaga are congeneric and should be merged. As the name Setophaga (published in 1827) takes priority over Parula (published in 1838), both the species would be transferred to Setophaga where this is accepted.[1] This change has been accepted by the North American Classification Committee of the AOU,[2] and the IOC.,[3] however the South American Classification Committee of the AOU continues to use the genus Parula.

Biology

The northern parula winters south of its breeding ranges in Central America and the West Indies, where the tropical parula is a usually a permanent resident.

Parula warblers are tiny, 11–12 cm long. They have yellow, orange or red throats, with the color extending further down the underparts in some species. The upperparts and wings are various shades of grey or blue-gray, and the mantle is greener or blacker than the rest of the back.

The breeding habitat is woodlands with clearings. These warblers nest low in a tree or on the ground, laying 3-7 eggs in a cup nest.

Parula warblers feed on insects and spiders, often caught by flycatching, and they have distinctive buzzing songs and loud chip calls.

In art

Audubon's Blue Yellow-backed Warbler (northern parula) from Birds of America

John James Audubon illustrated a pair of northern parulas in Birds of America (published in London 1827–38), Plate 15 entitled "Blue Yellow-backed Warbler - Sylvia americana". The birds are shown perched on a Louisiana flag (Iris fulva) painted by Joseph Mason to which Audubon added the two birds in 1821. This led to a group of irises in Louisiana known as the "Louisiana irises".[4][5] The image was engraved and colored by the Robert Havell, London workshops. The original watercolor by Audubon was purchased by the New York History Society where it remains as of January 2009.

The distinctive color scheme of the Parula (a soft fade from blue to yellow) has led to a Heat Map color scheme with the same name, used as the default plotting colors in the MATLAB programming language since October 2014.[6] Parula replaces the previous default, "Jet", which was a full rainbow- depiction color scheme. The company has stated that having a dichromatic color transition is an asset to data analysis as it eliminates the "Apparent changes" that occur over a rainbow color scheme. (Note that even a perfectly smooth color gradient over a rainbow will appear to have distinct stripes, which can obscure more subtle gradients in the data). The Parula colormap also has the effect that when plotted in grayscale, the colors also map to a smooth gradient from dark to light grey.[7]

References

  1. ↑ Lovette, I. J. et al. (2010). A comprehensive multilocus phylogeny for the wood-warblers and a revised classification of the Parulidae (Aves). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57 (2): 753-770. Abstract
  2. ↑ Chesser, R. T. et al. (2011). Fifty-Second Supplement to the American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list of North American Birds. Auk 128 (3): 600-613 fulltext
  3. ↑ IOC World Bird List Family Parulidae
  4. ↑ Dillard, Tom W. "FROM NEW ORLEANS TO NEW ZEALAND, History and Development of The Louisiana Irises". zydecoirises.com. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  5. ↑ Charlotte Seidenberg New Orleans Garden: Gardening in the Gulf South&pg=PA223 11p5PhNOQ3UC, p. 223, at Google Books
  6. ↑ http://blogs.mathworks.com/steve/2014/10/13/a-new-colormap-for-matlab-part-1-introduction/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ↑ https://mycarta.wordpress.com/2014/10/15/parula-a-new-matlab-colormap/. Missing or empty |title= (help)

Sources

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