People's Alliance (Spain)

People's Alliance Alianza Popular
Abbreviation	AP
President	Manuel Fraga
Secretary-General	Francisco Álvarez-Cascos
Founder	Manuel Fraga
Founded	9 February 1976
Dissolved	20 January 1989
Merger of	Democratic Reform Union of the Spanish People Spanish Democratic Action Social Democracy Regional Action Social People's Union Spanish National Union
Succeeded by	People's Party
Headquarters	Calle Silva, 23 - 28004 Madrid
Youth wing	New Generations of People's Alliance
Ideology	Conservatism[1] Post-Francoism[1]
Political position	Right-wing[2]
International affiliation	International Democrat Union[3]
European Parliament group	European Democrats[4]
Colors	Yellow and Red
Politics of Spain Political parties Elections

The People's Alliance (Spanish: Alianza Popular [aˈljanθa popuˈlar], AP [aˈpe]) was a post-Francoist^[1][5] electoral coalition, and later a conservative political party, in Spain, founded in 1976 by Manuel Fraga along with six other former Francoist ministers. It was the major opposition party in the 1980s, as the leading conservative right-wing party in Spain. It was refounded as the People's Party in 1989.

History

Logo of AP, 1976-1983

The AP was originally led by Manuel Fraga, who had helped to prepare the way for reform during the Franco era and who had expected to play a key role in post-Franco governments. He underestimated the popular desire for change and distaste for Francoism, and he advocated an extremely gradual transition to democracy. Although Fraga intended to portray the AP as a mainstream conservative party, the large number of former Francoists in his party resulted in it being perceived by the electorate as both reactionary and authoritarian.

Fraga's own outbursts of temper and the close ties of many of the AP candidates to the previous regime contributed to this perception. When elections were held in June 1977, the AP garnered 8.3% of the vote.

In the months following the 1977 elections, dissension erupted within the AP over constitutional issues that arose as the draft document was being formulated. The more reactionary members voted against the draft constitution, and they advocated a shift to the right. Fraga, however, wanted to move the AP toward the political center in order to form a larger center-right party. Most of the disenchanted reactionaries left the AP for the far right, and Fraga and the remaining AP members joined other more moderately conservative and Christian Democratic politicians to form the Democratic Coalition (CD).

It was hoped that this new coalition would capture the support of those who had voted for the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) in 1977, but who had become disenchanted with the Suárez government. When elections were held in March 1979, however, the CD received only 6.1 percent of the vote. Deeply disappointed, Fraga resigned as head of AP.

By the time of the AP's Third Party Congress in December 1979, party leaders were reassessing their involvement with the CD. Many felt that the creation of the coalition had merely confused the voters, and they sought to emphasize the AP's independent identity. Fraga resumed control of the party, and the political resolutions adopted by the party congress reaffirmed the conservative orientation of the AP.

1980s

In the early 1980s, Fraga succeeded in rallying the various components of the right around his leadership. He was aided in his efforts to revive the AP by the increasing disintegration of the UCD. In the general elections held in October 1982, the AP gained votes both from previous UCD supporters and from the far right, and it became the major opposition party, securing 25.4 percent of the popular vote.

Whereas the AP's parliamentary representation had dropped to 9 seats in 1979, the party allied itself with the small right-wing Democratic Popular Party (PDP) to form a new coalition, called People's Coalition (CP) which won 106 seats in 1982. The increased strength of the AP was further evidenced in the municipal and regional elections held in May 1983, when the party drew 26 percent of the vote. A significant portion of the electorate appeared to support the AP's emphasis on law and order as well as its pro-business policies.

Subsequent political developments belied the party's aspirations to continue increasing its base of support. Prior to the June 1986 elections, the AP once again joined forces with the PDP, and along with the Liberal Party (PL), formed the CP, in another attempt to expand its constituency to include the center of the political spectrum. The coalition called for stronger measures against ETA's violence, for more privatization, and for a reduction in spending and in taxes. The CP failed to increase its share of the vote in the 1986 elections, however, and it soon began to disintegrate.

When regional elections in late 1986 resulted in further losses for the coalition, Fraga resigned as AP president, although he retained his parliamentary seat. At the party congress in February 1987, Hernández Mancha was chosen to head the AP, declaring that under his leadership the AP would become a "modern right-wing European party". But Hernandez lacked political experience at the national level, and the party continued to decline. When support for socks AP plummeted in the municipal and regional elections held in June 1987, it was clear that it would be overtaken as major opposition party by Suarez's CDS.

New political party

The AP eventually was refounded as the People's Party in 1989, when it merged with several small Christian democratic and liberal parties in a movement called Reformist Centre. The newly founded party was initially under Fraga's chairmanship. It was the ruling party from 1996 through 2004 under José María Aznar and since 2011 under Mariano Rajoy.

Electoral performance

Cortes Generales

Election	Leader	Votes	%	#	Seats		Outcome	Notes
					Congress	Senate
1977	Manuel Fraga	1,526,671	8.33	#4	16 / 350	2 / 207	UCD minority
1979		1,094,438	6.08	#4	6 / 350	3 / 207	UCD minority	Within Democratic Coalition Includes independents
1982		5,548,107	26.36	#2	89 / 350	44 / 208	PSOE majority	Within AP–PDP Includes UPN, PAR, UV and independents
1986		5,247,677	25.97	#2	72 / 350	44 / 208	PSOE majority	Within People's Coalition Includes UPN and CdG

European Parliament

Election	Candidate	Votes	%	#	Seats
1987	Manuel Fraga	4,747,283	24.65	#2	17 / 60

External links

• History of AP and its refundation PP (Spanish)

References

1. Story, Jonathan (1995), "Spain's external relations redefined: 1975-1989", Democratic Spain: Reshaping External Relations in a Changing World, Routledge, p. 32
2. Gunther, Richard; Montero, José Ramón; Botella, Juan (2004), Democracy in Modern Spain, Yale University Press, p. 164
3. Newton, Michael T. (1997), Institutions of Modern Spain: A Political and Economic Guide, Cambridge University Press, p. 200
4. Van Hecke, Steven (2004), "A Decade of Seized Opportunities: Christian Democracy in the European Union", Christian Democratic Parties in Europe since the End of the Cold War, Leuven University Press, p. 277
5. Encarnación, Omar G. (2008), Spanish Politics, Polity Press, p. 57