Pima Bajo people

Pima Bajo or Mountain Pima

old Spanish mission church, Yepachic
Total population
(2,000-3,000[1])
Regions with significant populations
Mexico (Sonora and Chihuahua)
Languages
O'ochkam, Spanish
Religion
Christianity
Related ethnic groups
other Piman peoples

The Pima Bajo (Lower Pima or Mountain Pima) people reside in a mountainous region along the line between the States of Chihuahua and Sonora in northern Mexico. They are related to the Pima and Tohono O’odham of Arizona and northern Sonora, speaking a similar but distinct language.^[2]

"Bajo" or "Lower" as part of the name refers to the geographic location in the southern part of the traditional Pima homeland. Some peoples identifying themselves as Pima and speaking the Pima language formerly lived farther west in the lowlands of Sonora, but they have long been absorbed into mainstream Mexican society.^[3] At present, the Pima Bajo are located in rugged, mountainous terrain in the Sierra Madre Occidental.^[4]

Major communities in the Pima Bajo region include Maycoba and Yécora on the Sonoran side of the line, Yepáchic on the Chihuahuan. All three of these communities were almost exclusively Pima in the 19th Century, but in recent decades many mainstream Mexicans from the lowlands have migrated into the area.

Traditional Pima Bajo culture in many ways resembles the cultures of the neighboring Warihio and Tarahumara peoples more than that of the other Pima peoples to the northwest. This is partly due to the common mountainous habitat, partly due to a long history of interactions between the groups. The Pima were also converted to Christianity early in the Spanish period, and most of them still practice an antiquated, almost medieval, form of Catholicism introduced by the Jesuit missionaries.^[5][6]

At present, the people are in the process of being acculturated into mainstream society, especially since the paving of the highway through the area in the late 1980s. The Pima do, however, attempt to preserve their identity as a distinct culture. There have been some attempts at reviving. A few of the tribal leaders collected some traditional Pima myths and published them in a book in the Pima language to be distributed in the region.^[7] Holidays, especially Holy Week (Semana Santa) involve elaborate ceremonies and celebrations reflecting the form of Catholicism practiced by the Pima. Mainstream Mexicans are allowed to attend and to participate, but Pima tribal leaders organize and supervise the activities.^[8][9][6]

References

1. Dunnigan, T. 1983 Lower Pima. In: A. Ortiz & W.C. Surtevant (eds), Handbook of North American Indians, v. 10, pp 217-229. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
2. Estrada-Fernández, Zarina. 1998. Pima Bajo de Yepachi, Chihuahua (Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico). Colegio de México.
3. Hinton, T.B. 1959. A survey of Indian assimilation in eastern Sonora. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 4:1-32.
4. Pennington, CW. 1980. Plantas medicinales utilizadas por el pima montañés de Chihuahua/ América Indígena 33:213-232.
5. Pennington, CW. 1963. The Tarahumar of Mexico, their material culture. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
6. Laferrière, Joseph E., & Willard Van Asdall. 1991. Plant use in Mountain Pima holiday decorations. Kiva 57:27-38.
7. Coronado A., L, F. Alvarez C, & J.A. Galaviz. 1983 Kuen Kueche Leyenda: Tumoka Anatiakiga Oichika. Secretaría de Educatión Pública, Ciudad Chihuahua.
8. Dunnigan, T. 1981a. Adaptive strategies of peasants in a biethnic Mexican community: a study of Mountain Pima assimilation. In TB Hinton * PC Weigand (eds), Themes of indigenous acculturation in northwest Mexico. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 38:36-49.
9. Dunnigan, T. 1981b. Ritual as interethnic competition: indito versus blanco in <Mountain Pima Easter ceremonies. In: GP Castile & G Kusher (eds), Persistent peoples: cultural enclaves in perspective. University of Arizona Press, Tucson