Requirements traceability

Requirements traceability is a sub-discipline of requirements management within software development and systems engineering. Requirements traceability is concerned with documenting the life of a requirement and providing bi-directional traceability between various associated requirements. It enables users to find the origin of each requirement and track every change that was made to this requirement. For this purpose, it may be necessary to document every change made to the requirement.

It has been argued that even the use of the requirement after the implemented features have been deployed and used should be traceable.[1]

Overview

Traceability as a general term is the "ability to chronologically interrelate the uniquely identifiable entities in a way that matters." The word chronology here reflects the use of the term in the context of tracking food from farm to shop, or drugs from factory to mouth. What matters in requirements management is not a temporal evolution so much as a structural evolution: a trace of where requirements are derived from, how they are satisfied, how they are tested, and what impact will result if they are changed.

Requirements come from different sources, like the business person ordering the product, the marketing manager and the actual user. These people all have different requirements on the product. Using requirements traceability, an implemented feature can be traced back to the person or group that wanted it during the requirements elicitation. This can be used during the development process to prioritize the requirement, determining how valuable the requirement is to a specific user. It can also be used after the deployment when user studies show that a feature is not used, to see why it was required in the first place.

Requirements Traceability is concerned with documenting the relationships between requirements and other development artifacts. Its purpose is to facilitate:

Not only the requirements themselves should be traced but also the requirements relationship with all the artifacts associated with it, such as models, analysis results, test cases, test procedures, test results and documentation of all kinds. Even people and user groups associated with requirements should be traceable.

Definitions

A much cited [2] [3] [4] [5] definition of requirements traceability is the following:

Requirements traceability refers to the ability to describe and follow the life of a requirement, in both forwards and backwards direction (i.e. from its origins, through its development and specification, to its subsequent deployment and use, and through all periods of on-going refinement and iteration in any of these phases).[1]

While this definition emphasizes tracking the life of a requirement through all phases of development, it is not explicit in mentioning that traceability may document relationships between many kinds of development artifacts, such as requirements, specification statements, designs, tests, models and developed components. The next definition addresses this issue:

Requirements traceability refers to the ability to define, capture and follow the traces left by requirements on other elements of the software development environment and the trace left by those elements on requirements.[6]

The following definition emphasises the use of traceability to document the transformation of a requirement into successively concrete design and development artifacts:

In the requirements engineering field, traceability is about understanding how high-level requirements -- objectives, goals, aims, aspirations, expectations, needs -- are transformed into low-level requirements. It is therefore primarily concerned with the relationships between layers of information.[7]

The principal relationship referred to here may be characterised as "satisfaction": how is a requirement satisfied by other artifacts? Other relationships that can be traced are, for example, "verification": how is a requirement verified by test artifacts?

Tracing tools

There are several requirements management computer programs on the market for storing all requirements of all specifications of a technical system under development, which are arranged in a specification tree and linking each one to the "parent" requirement in the higher specification. Specialized commercial tools for requirements engineering are 3SL Cradle, IRise, Gatherspace, Rational RequisitePro, Doors, CaliberRM or QFDCapture, but also free tools like FreeMind, Reqchecker together with MS Office, Concordion can be used.[8] Issue trackers implementing the Volere requirements template have been used successfully in distributed environments.

Evaluation functions allow for

Tracing beyond the requirements

Requirements are realized into design artifacts, implementation, and finally, verified. Artifacts tied to the latter stages should be traced back to the requirements as well. This is typically done via a Requirements Traceability matrix.

Establishing traceability beyond requirements into design, implementation, and verification artifacts can become difficult.[9] When implementing software requirements for instance, the requirements may be in a requirements management tool, while the design artifacts may be in a tool such as MagicDraw, Matlab/Simulink, Rhapsody, or Microsoft Visio.

Furthermore, implementation artifacts will likely be in the form of source files, links to which can be established in various ways at various scopes. Verification artifacts such as those generated by internal tests or formal verification tools (i.e. The LDRA tool suite, Parasoft Concerto, SCADE)

Repository or tool stack integration can present a significant challenge to maintaining traceability in a dynamic system.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Gotel O.C.Z; Finklestein A.C.W. "An analysis of the requirements traceability problem" (PDF). Proceedings of ICRE94, 1st International Conference on Requirements Engineering, Colorado Springs. IEEE CS Press, 1994.
  2. ↑ Sampaio do Prado Leite, Julio Cesar; Jorge Horacio Doorn (2004). Perspectives on Software Requirements. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 91–113. ISBN 1-4020-7625-8.
  3. ↑ "Requirements Tracing -- An overview".
  4. ↑ Turbit, Neville. "Requirements Traceability". Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  5. ↑ "Requirements Traceability". Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  6. ↑ Pinheiro F.A.C. and Goguen J.A., "An object-oriented tool for tracing requirements", IEEE Software 1996, 13(2), pp. 52-64
  7. ↑ Hull, Elizabeth; Ken Jackson; Jeremy Dick (2005). Requirements Engineering (Second Edition). Springer. pp. 9–13, 131–151. ISBN 1-85233-879-2.
  8. ↑ Laplante, Phillip A. (2009). "Requirements Engineering for Software and Systems". CRC Press.
  9. ↑ Li, Yin; Juan Li; Ye Yang; Mingshu Li (2008). Requirement-Centric Traceability for Change Impact Analysis:A Case Study. Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. pp. 100–111. ISBN 978-3-540-79587-2.

External links

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