Financial analysis

Financial analysis (also referred to as financial statement analysis or accounting analysis or Analysis of finance) refers to an assessment of the viability, stability and profitability of a business, sub-business or project.

It is performed by professionals who prepare reports using ratios that make use of information taken from financial statements and other reports. These reports are usually presented to top management as one of their bases in making business decisions. Financial analysis may determine if a business will:

Goals

Financial analysts often assess the following elements of a firm:

1. Profitability - its ability to earn income and sustain growth in both the short- and long-term. A company's degree of profitability is usually based on the income statement, which reports on the company's results of operations;

2. Solvency - its ability to pay its obligation to creditors and other third parties in the long-term;
3. Liquidity - its ability to maintain positive cash flow, while satisfying immediate obligations;

Both 2 and 3 are based on the company's balance sheet, which indicates the financial condition of a business as of a given point in time.

4. Stability - the firm's ability to remain in business in the long run, without having to sustain significant losses in the conduct of its business. Assessing a company's stability requires the use of both the income statement and the balance sheet, as well as other financial and non-financial indicators. etc.

Method

Financial analysts often compare financial ratios (of solvency, profitability, growth, etc.):

These ratios are calculated by dividing a (group of) account balance(s), taken from the balance sheet and / or the income statement, by another, for example :

Net income / equity = return on equity (ROE)
Net income / total assets = return on assets (ROA)
Asset Management Ratios gauge how efficiently a company can change assets into sales.
Stock price / earnings per share = P/E ratio

Comparing financial ratios is merely one way of conducting financial analysis. Financial ratios face several theoretical challenges:

Financial analysts can also use percentage analysis which involves reducing a series of figures as a percentage of some base amount.[2] For example, a group of items can be expressed as a percentage of net income. When proportionate changes in the same figure over a given time period expressed as a percentage is known as horizontal analysis.[3] Vertical or common-size analysis, reduces all items on a statement to a “common size” as a percentage of some base value which assists in comparability with other companies of different sizes.[4] As a result, all Income Statement items are divided by Sales, and all Balance Sheet items are divided by Total Assets.[5]

Another method is comparative analysis. This provides a better way to determine trends. Comparative analysis presents the same information for two or more time periods and is presented side-by-side to allow for easy analysis.[6]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Financial Ratios
  2. ↑ Kieso, D. E., Weygandt, J. J., & Warfield, T. D. (2007). Intermediate Accounting (12th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, p. 1320 ISBN 0-471-74955-9
  3. ↑ Kieso, et al., 2007, p. 1320
  4. ↑ Kieso, et al., 2007, p. 1320
  5. ↑ Ehrhardt, M., Brigham, E. (2008). Corporate Finance: A Focused Approach (3rd ed.). p. 131 ISBN 978-0-324-65568-1
  6. ↑ Kieso, et al., 2007, p. 1319

External links

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