Council of Orange (529)
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The Second Council of Orange (or Second Synod of Orange) was held at Orange, then part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom, in 529. It affirmed much of the theology of Augustine of Hippo, and made numerous proclamations against what later would come to be known as semi-Pelagian doctrine.
Questions regarding Pelagianism
Background
Pelagian theology was condemned in 418 at the Council of Carthage,[1] and these condemnations were ratified at the Council of Ephesus in 431. After that time, a more moderate form of Pelagianism persisted which claimed that man's faith was an act of free will unassisted by previous internal grace. On 3 July 529 a synod took place at Orange. The occasion was the dedication of a church built at Orange by Liberius (praetorian prefect) of Narbonensian Gaul. It was attended by fourteen bishops under the presidency of Caesarius of Arles.
Bishops participating
- Caesarius of Arles
- Julianus Amartolus (Bishop of Carpentras)
- Constantius (Bishop of Gap)
- Cyprianus (Bishop of Toulon)
- Eucherius (Bishop of Avignon)
- Eucherius
- Heraclius (Bishop of Saint-Paul-trois-Châteaux)
- Principius
- Philagrius (Bishop of Cavaillon)
- Maximus
- Praetextatus (Bishop of Apt)
- Alethius (Bishop of Vaison)
- Lupercianus (Bishop of Fréjus)
- Vindemialis (Bishop of Orange)
Conclusions of the Council
The question at hand was whether a moderate form of Pelagianism could be affirmed, or if the doctrines of Augustine were to be affirmed. The determination of the Council could be considered "semi-Augustinian".[2][3] It defined that faith, though a free act, resulted even in its beginnings from the grace of God, enlightening the human mind and enabling belief.[4][5][6] However, it also explicitly denied double predestination (of the equal-ultimacy variety), stating, "We not only do not believe that any are foreordained to evil by the power of God, but even state with utter abhorrence that if there are those who want to believe so evil a thing, they are anathema." The document links grace with baptism, which was not a controversial subject at the time. It received papal sanction.
Effects
The canons of the Second Council influenced the interpretation of Augustine in the later medieval Western Church, such as by Thomas Aquinas. Classical Protestantism affirms the theology of the Second Council of Orange and has appealed to its conclusions to make a case that the Lutheran and Calvinist doctrines of sola gratia, sola fide, solus Christus, and original sin as total depravity had already been taught much earlier than the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. Arminian theologians [7][8] also consider the Council of Orange historically significant in that it strongly affirmed the necessity of prevenient grace and yet did not present divine grace as irresistible, deny the free will of the unregenerate to repent in faith, or endorse a strictly Augustinian view of predestination.
References
- ↑ Reese, William L (1980), Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, Humanities Press, p. 421.
- ↑ Oakley, Francis (Jan 1, 1988), The Medieval Experience: Foundations of Western Cultural Singularity, University of Toronto Press, p. 64.
- ↑ Thorsen, Don (2007), An Exploration of Christian Theology, Baker Books, 20.3.4.
- ↑ Cf. Second Council of Orange ch.5-7; H.J. Denzinger Enchiridion Symbolorum et Definitionum, 375-377
- ↑ Pickar, C. H. (1981) [1967]. "Faith". The New Catholic Encyclopedia. 5. Washington D.C. p. 797.
- ↑ Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- ↑ "Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities", By Roger E. Olson (InterVarsity Press, Aug 20, 2009), Page 81
- ↑ "Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace", By Keith D. Stanglin, Thomas H. McCall (Oxford University Press, Nov 15, 2012), page 153
Sources
- Halfond, Gregory I. (2010). Archaeology of Frankish Church Councils, AD 511-768. Boston-Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-17976-3.
- Hefele, Carl Joseph (1895). A History of the Councils of the Church, from the Original Documents. By the Right Rev. Charles Joseph Hefele ... Volume IV. A.D. 451 to A.D. 680. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.
- Hefele, K. J. Consiliengeschichte, ii. 291-295, 724 sqq., Eng. transl., iii. 159-184, iv. 152 sqq.
- Hefele, Karl Joseph von (1856). Conciliengeschichte (in German (Fraktur)). Zweiter Band. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder.
- Klingshirn, William E. (1994). Caesarius of Arles: Life, Testament, Letters. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0-85323-368-8.
- Maassen, Friedrich (1989). Concilia Aevi Merovingici: 511-695 (in German). Hannover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani. ISBN 978-3-7752-5061-0.
- Mansi, J.-D. (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio editio novissima Tomus VIII (Florence 1762).
- Sirmond, J., Concilia antiqua Gallia, i. 70 sqq., 215 sqq., Paris, 1829.
- Woods, F. A., ed. (1882). Canons of the Second Council of Orange , A. D. 529. text [in Lat.] with an intr., tr. and notes by F.H. Woods (in Latin and English).