Secondary Technical School

A secondary technical school was a type of secondary school in the United Kingdom that existed in the mid-20th century under the Tripartite System of education. For various reasons few were ever built, and their main interest is on a theoretical level.

The 1944 Butler Education Act promised a secondary schooling system with three tiers. In addition to grammar schools and secondary moderns, the government intended there to be a series of ‘Secondary Technical Schools’. These would teach mechanical, scientific and engineering skills to serve industry and science.

History

The 1944 Act (the Butler Act) replaced all previous education law, removed the Board of Education and replaced it with Ministry of Education. It established that all maintained schooling was to be free. Secondary state schools were to be organised on a three-tier model: grammar (entrance based on ability with the option of an 11-plus), technical schools and secondary modern, with further education delivered through county colleges for school-leavers to 18 years of age. ^[1]

This reasoning had been based on the 1943 Norwood Report, and the experiences gained in the 1930s and the skills shortages encountered during the ongoing war.

"the various kinds of technical schools, which were not instituted to satisfy the intellectual needs of an arbitrarily assumed group of children, but to prepare boys and girls for taking up certain crafts -engineering, agriculture and the like. Nevertheless it is usual to think of the engineer or other craftsman as possessing a particular set of interests or aptitudes by virtue of which he becomes a successful engineering or whatever he may become".^[2]

Local authorities were given a deal of freedom on how this was to be implemented, and while it was easy to create two branches from existing building stock, technical school were more problematic and often had to be build afresh. As a result, in most LEA areas, pupils were not selected from the 11-plus as originally proposed, but from a separate, voluntary set of examinations taken at the age of 12 or 13. Kent was one authority that embraced the changes and implemented the system according to the letter of the law.^[2] These schools were invariably single sex, and usually recruited their entrants from the lower end of the 'selective' band (as measured at the age of 11). Admission was at first at the age of 13, but later at 11. There was still a difficulty in providing suitable accommodation, and the Wilmington schools provide an interesting case study.

Wilmington case study

Technical Education could be traced back to a Mechanics institute in 1840, the Dartford Technical Institute started in Essex Road, Datford in 1902 and it introduce training for boys and girls in about 1925. In 1941 it started a technical school in Essex Road with an acting headteacher. After the 1944 Act, in 1949, the technical school was renamed Dartford Technical School and it moved into Wilmington Hall. No separate buildings were erected until 1956, and the following year had an entry of 120. It had a agricultural stream, so came with a school farm. In 1961, that stream was discontinued. Kent was ready to phases out Technical schools and rebrand them as Grammar Schools. Dartford Technical High School started to do A levels in 1964 and a building programme commenced. In 1967 announces a major school reorganisation. The Girls tech moves off site in 1974, the boys tech, becomes Wilmington Grammar School for Boys and alongside a new secondary modern school is built over the demolished Wilmington Hall. There were further status changes in 1984, proposed in 1989, in 1991, 1999 and 2004. ^[3]

National perspective

But whereas over country the other two branches of the tripartite system would be built over the next decade from 1944, the technical schools barely materialised. At their peak, only 2-3% of children attended one.^[1]

Analysis

Technical schools were a modest success, given their limited resources and lack of government attention. Their curriculum was well shaped for dealing with real world employment, and had a solid practical edge. The schools had good links with industry and commerce. In many ways, the technical school was the forerunner of today’s City Technology College.

Other than a simple lack of resources, three reasons have been proposed for the failure of the technical school.

Trade Unions felt that technical education was their responsibility, mainly through the apprentice system. It is argued that they tried to undermine the technical school from the outset to preserve their own position.
The second focuses on the difficulty of obtaining teachers who had skills in the relevant areas.
The third reason is that the schools were consciously designed as being for those not suitable for high academic attainment. This meant that they had lower status than grammar schools and were seen as second best to them. They were used in many cases for borderline pass/fail results in the 11-plus.

In any case, some people believe that the failure to create the technical schools represents lost opportunity in the history of British education.

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

Barber, Sir Michael (17 January 2014). "Rab Butler's 1944 act brings free secondary education for all". BBC.
Potter (2014). "School History". Wilmington Grammar Old Boys. Retrieved 16 October 2015.

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