Commonwealth Secretary-General

Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations
Incumbent The Baroness Scotland of Asthal since 1 April 2016
Style	Her Excellency
Appointer	Commonwealth Heads of Government
Term length	Four years renewable once
Inaugural holder	Arnold Smith
Website	thecommonwealth.org/about-us/secretary-general

The Commonwealth Secretary-General is the head of the Commonwealth Secretariat, the central body which has served the Commonwealth of Nations since its establishment in 1965, and responsible for representing the Commonwealth publicly.^[1] The Commonwealth Secretary-General should not be confused with the Head of the Commonwealth, who is currently Queen Elizabeth II.

Role

The position was created, along with the Secretariat itself, after the fourteenth Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference in London in 1965, issued a memorandum describing the role of the Secretary-General:

“

Both the Secretary-General and his/her staff should be seen to be the servants of Commonwealth countries collectively. They derive their functions from the authority of Commonwealth Heads of Government; and in the discharge of his/her responsibilities in this connection the Secretary-General should have access to Heads of Government...[1]

”

The headquarters of the Secretary-General, as with the Secretariat generally, is Marlborough House, a former royal residence in London, which was placed at the disposal of the Secretariat by Queen Elizabeth II. However, as the building cannot house all of the Secretariat's staff in London, additional space is rented elsewhere in London.^[2] From this operational base, a large part of the Secretary-General's work involves travelling around the Commonwealth keeping in personal contact with those at the heart of the governments of member states.^[2]

The Secretary-General receives a salary of nearly £160,000 (2015) and a four‑storey mansion in Mayfair as their official residence.^[3]

Staff and responsibility

The Secretary-General leads the Commonwealth Secretariat, and all Secretariat staff are responsible and answerable to him or her. He or she is supported by three Deputy Secretaries-General, which are elected by the Heads of Government via the members' High Commissioners in London.^[2] Currently, the three Deputy Secretaries-General are Deodat Maharaj, Gary Dunn and Josephine Ojiambo. Until 2014, only two Deputy Secretaries-General were appointed along with an Assistant Secretary-General for Corporate Affairs. The Secretary-General may appoint junior staff at his own discretion, provided the Secretariat can afford it, whilst more senior staff may be appointed only from a shortlist of nominations from the Heads of Government.^[2] In practice, the Secretary-General has more power than this; member governments consult the Secretary-General on nominations, and the Secretary-General has also at times submitted nominations of his own.^[2]

Formally, the Secretary-General is given the same rank as a High Commissioner or ambassador. However, in practice, his or her rank is considerably higher.^[2] At CHOGMs, he or she is the equal of the Heads of Government, except with preference deferred to the longest-serving Head of Government. At other ministerial meetings, he or she is considered primus inter pares.^[2] But for the first 3 years (of the job's existence) the Foreign Office refused to invite the Secretary-General to the Queen's annual diplomatic reception at Buckingham Palace, much to Arnold Smith's irritation, until in 1968 this refusal was over-ridden by the Queen herself^[4]

The Secretary-General was originally required to submit annual reports to the Heads of Government, but this has since been changed to reporting at biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings (CHOGM).^[2] The Secretary-General is held responsible by the Commonwealth's Board of Governors in London.^[1]

Election

Since the 1993 CHOGM, it has been decided that the Secretary-General is elected to a maximum of two four-year terms.^[1] The election is held by the assembled Heads of Government and other ministerial representatives at every other CHOGM. Nominations are received from the member states' governments, who sponsor the nomination through the election process and are responsible for withdrawing their candidate as they see fit.^[1]

The election is held in a Restricted Session of the CHOGM, in which only Heads of Government or ministerial representatives thereof may be present. The Chair of the CHOGM (the Head of Government of the host nation) is responsible for ascertaining which candidate has the greatest support, through the conduct of negotiations and secret straw polls.^[1]

There is usually a convention that an incumbent seeking a second term in office is elected unopposed for his or her second term.^[5] However, this was broken by a Zimbabwe-backed bid for Sri Lankan Lakshman Kadirgamar to displace New Zealand's Don McKinnon in 2003. At the vote, however, Kadirgamar was easily defeated by McKinnon, with only 11 members voting for him against 40 for McKinnon.^[6]

At the 2011 CHOGM, India's Kamalesh Sharma was re-elected to his second term unopposed. Sharma had won the position at the 2007 CHOGM, when he defeated Malta's Michael Frendo to replace McKinnon, who had served the maximum two terms.

At the 2015 CHOGM, Baroness Patricia Scotland, a former British cabinet minister, was nominated for Commonwealth Secretary-General by her native country of Dominica and defeated Antiguan diplomat Sir Ronald Sanders and former deputy secretary-general for political affairs Mmasekgoa Masire-Mwamba of Botswana to become the 6th Commonwealth Secretary-General and the first woman to hold the post. She took office on 1 April 2016.^[7][8]

List of Secretaries-General

#	Name	Portrait	Country	Birth	Death	Start	End	Background
1	Arnold Smith, OC, CH		Canada	18 January 1915	7 February 1994	1 July 1965	30 June 1975	Canadian ambassador to Egypt (1958-1961) Canadian ambassador to the USSR (1961-1963)
2	Sir Shridath Ramphal, GCMG, AC, ONZ, OE, OCC, QC		Guyana	3 October 1928	Living	1 July 1975	30 June 1990	Foreign Minister of Guyana (1972-1975)
3	Chief Emeka Anyaoku, GCVO		Nigeria	18 January 1933	Living	1 July 1990	31 March 2000	Deputy Secretary-General for Political Affairs (1977-1990)
4	Sir Don McKinnon, ONZ, GCVO Knighted after tenure (2009)		New Zealand	27 February 1939	Living	1 April 2000	31 March 2008	Foreign Minister of New Zealand (1990-1999)
5	Kamalesh Sharma, GCVO		India	30 September 1941	Living	1 April 2008	31 March 2016	Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations (1997-2002) Indian High Commissioner to London (2004-2008)
6	Patricia Scotland, Baroness Scotland of Asthal, PC, QC		Dominica  United Kingdom	19 August 1955	Living	1 April 2016	Incumbent	Attorney General for England and Wales and Northern Ireland (2007-2010), UK Minister of State (Home Office) (2003-2007), UK Parliamentary Secretary (Lord Chancellor's Department) (2001-2003), UK Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (1999-2001), British House of Lords (1997-present)

Footnotes

1. "Role of the Secretary-General". Commonwealth Secretariat. Retrieved 5 April 2008.
2. Doxey, Margaret (January 1979). "The Commonwealth Secretary-General: Limits of Leadership". International Affairs. 55 (1): 67–83. doi:10.2307/2617133.
3. "Baroness Patricia Scotland becomes first UK citizen to be elected secretary‑general of Commonwealth". The Independent. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
4. Final Approaches: A Memoir by Gerald Hensley, page 99 (2006, Auckland University Press, New Zealand) ISBN 1-86940-378-9
5. Baruah, Amit (7 December 2003). "PM, Blair for representative government in Iraq soon". The Hindu. India. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
6. "Editorial: CHOGM 2003, Abuja, Nigeria". The Round Table. 93 (373): 3–6. January 2004. doi:10.1080/0035853042000188139.
7. "Commonwealth elects first woman secretary general". Times of Malta. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
8. "Lady Scotland vies to be next Commonwealth secretary general". The Guardian. 24 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.