Semantic feature

Semantic features represent the basic conceptual components of meaning for any lexical item.^[1] An individual semantic feature constitutes one component of a word's intension, which is the inherent sense or concept evoked.^[2] Linguistic meaning of a word is proposed to arise from contrasts and significant differences with other words. Semantic features enable linguistics to explain how words that share certain features may be members of the same semantic domain. Correspondingly, the contrast in meanings of words is explained by diverging semantic features. For example, father and son share the common components of 'human', 'kinship', 'male' and are thus part of a semantic domain of male family relations. They differ in terms of 'generation' and 'adulthood', which is what gives each its individual meaning.^[3]

Theoretical context

The analysis of semantic features is utilized in the field of linguistic semantics, more specifically the subfields of lexical semantics,^[4] and lexicology.^[5] One aim of these subfields is to explain the meaning of a word in terms of their relationships with other words.^[6] In order to accomplish this aim, one approach is to analyze the internal semantic structure of a word as composed of a number of distinct and minimal components of meaning.^[7] This approach is called componential analysis, also known as semantic decomposition.^[8] Semantic decomposition allows any given lexical item to be defined based on minimal elements of meaning, which are called semantic features. The term semantic feature is usually used interchangeably with the term semantic component.^[9] Additionally, semantic features/semantic components are also often referred to as semantic properties.^[10]

The theory of componential analysis and semantic features is not the only approach to analyzing the semantic structure of words. An alternative direction of research that contrasts with componential analysis is prototype semantics.^[11]

Notation

The semantic features of a word can be notated using a binary feature notation common to the framework of componential analysis.^[12] A semantic property is specified in square brackets and a plus or minus sign indicates the existence or non-existence of that property. ^[13]

Man is [+HUMAN], [-FEMALE], [+ADULT]
Woman is [+HUMAN], [+FEMALE], [+ADULT]
Boy is [+HUMAN], [+MALE], [-ADULT]
Girl is [+HUMAN], [-MALE], [-ADULT]

Intersecting semantic classes share the same features. Some features need not be specifically mentioned as their presence or absence is obvious from another feature. This is a redundancy rule.

References

1. Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert; Hyams, Nina (2014). An Introduction to Language. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. p. 578.
2. O'Grady, William; Archibald, John; Aronoff, Mark; Rees-Miller, Janie (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6 ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 619.
3. Nida, Eugene A. (1975). Componential analysis of meaning : an introduction to semantic structures (2. ed. ed.). The Hague: Mouton. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9027979278.
4. Palmer, F.R. (1982). Semantics (2. ed. ed.). Cambridge u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 67–114. ISBN 0521283760.
5. Kazzazi, Hadumod Bussmann ; translated and edited by Gregory Trauth and Kerstin (1996). Routledge dictionary of language and linguistics (Transferred to digital print. ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0415022258.
6. Palmer, F.R. (1982). Semantics (2. ed. ed.). Cambridge u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 83. ISBN 0521283760.
7. Palmer, F.R. (1982). Semantics (2. ed. ed.). Cambridge u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 108. ISBN 0521283760.
8. O'Grady, William; Archibald, John (2010). Contemporary linguistics : an introduction (6th ed. ed.). Boston, Mass.: Bedford/St. Martins. p. 210. ISBN 0312555288.
9. Lipka, Leonhard (1990). An outline of English lexicology : lexical structure, word semantics, and word-formation (2. ed. ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. p. 98. ISBN 3484410035.
10. Palmer, F.R. (1982). Semantics (2. ed. ed.). Cambridge u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 191, 198, 200. ISBN 0521283760.
11. Lipka, Leonhard (1990). An outline of English lexicology : lexical structure, word semantics, and word-formation (2. ed. ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. p. 98. ISBN 3484410035.
12. Kazzazi, Hadumod Bussmann ; translated and edited by Gregory Trauth and Kerstin (1996). Routledge dictionary of language and linguistics (Transferred to digital print. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 219. ISBN 0415022258.
13. Lipka, Leonhard (1990). An outline of English lexicology : lexical structure, word semantics, and word-formation (2. ed. ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. p. 108. ISBN 3484410035.