Shabankara

Shabankareh (Kurdish:Şivankaran or Şiwankaran, other spellings: Shabankara, Shwankara, Marco Polo: Soncara, Ibn Athir: Shwankara) was the name of an ancient tribal federation of Kurds in some parts of the Zagros mountains.[1][2][3] Today same Kurdish clan exists in northwest of Kirmanshah.

In the early twelfth century there were five subdivisions of them: Ramani, Shakani, Karzuwi, Masudi and Ismaili.

History

In 11th century one of Shabankareh leaders ruled parts of Fars region in southern Zagros.

The Ramanid rose in power with their chief Fadluya. He was the son of the Shabankara chief Ali bin al-Hassan, and rose to the ranks of the Buyid Army, in the service of Sahib-i Adil, the vizier of the Buyid king of Fars. Sahib-i Adil was put on deathby the last Buyid of Fars, Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun, and Fadluya rose in rebellion after this. Abu Mansur was defeated and murder with his mother in 1056. The Shabankara chief, now ruler of Fars, soon came into collision with the Seljuk Turks. Fadluya submitted to Qawurd, brother of sultan Alp Arslan, but afterwards revolted. Fadluya was finally captured and executed in 1071 by the Seljuk vizier Nizam al-Mulk. The Shabankara were a nuisance in the provinces of Kerman and Fars. In 1099, with the help of the son of Qawurd, Iran Shah, they defeated the wali of Fars, Amir Unar. In 1116, the Shabankara chief Abu-al Hasan Khuzraw refused to pay homenage to the new governor of Fars, Fakhr al-din Cawuli. Cawuli besieged Khuzraw in his fortress, but came on terms with him later. Khuzraw accompanied the governor in his campaigns in Kerman. In the time of the Sekjuk sultan, Mahmud II (1117-1131), the Shabankara were illtreted and revolted again, broughting great damage in the area. The founder of the Hazaraspid dynasty, Abu Tahir ibn Muhammad, defeated the Shabankara and gained great prestige for this. After collapse of Seljukids, Shabankara ruled again the area with Shahre-Idaj as their capital. In Ilkhanid era they ruled Shabankareh province centered at Darabgird.[3]

The Shabankara chief Kutb-al din Mubariz and his brother Nizam al din Mahmud conquered Kerman in 1201 from the Oghuz Turks, but lost it to a local rebellion and an oghuzz counter-offensive. Finally the atabeg of Fars, Sad ibn Zengi defeated the Shabankara.

In 1260, the Mongol invasor Hulegu destroyed Ig and killed the Shabankara chief Muzaffar al-Din Muhammad ibn al-Mubariz in 1260. In 1312, the Shabankara rebelled against the Ilkhans but were defeated. In 1355, the Muzzafarid Mubariz al din send his son Mahmud against the chief Ardashir, who refused to follow his orders. The chief was defeated and his country was taken by the Muzzafarid. It is possible that the Shabankara has local power until 1424.

List of rulers

Abu 'l-Abbas ibn Fadluya Hasanuya 1062-1069 Nizam al-Din Mahmud 1068-1080 Mubaraz ad-Din Hazapasp ca 1080-ca. 1110 Hasanuya I. about 1110-c. 1160 Mubaraz I. 1160-c. 1190

Muhammed Muzzafar about c.1190-1260 Kutb al-Din Mubariz II 1260-1261 Nizam al-Din Hasanwayh II 1261-1264 Nusrat al-Din Ibrahim 1264-1266 Tayyibshah 1264-1282 Baha al-Din Ismail 1282-1290 Nizam al-Din 1290-c.1310 Ardashir c.1310 (?)-1355

References

  1. ↑ KURDISH TRIBES, Iranicaonline
  2. ↑ SHABANKARA, name of Kurdish tribe
  3. 1 2 The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environments in the History of the Middle East, 500 B.C; Peter Christensen, page: 316, Published 1993, Museum Tusculanum Press, 351 pages, ISBN 87-7289-259-5
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