Shinjitai

Shinjitai (新字体; meaning "new character form") are the forms of kanji used in Japan since the promulgation of the Tōyō Kanji List in 1946. Some of the new forms found in shinjitai are also found in simplified Chinese, but shinjitai is generally not as extensive in the scope of its modification.

Shinjitai were created by reducing the number of strokes in kyūjitai (旧字体/舊字體, "old character form"), unsimplified kanji equivalent to Traditional Chinese characters, also called 正字 seiji, meaning "proper/correct characters". This simplification was achieved through a process (similar to that of Simplified Chinese) of either replacing the tsukuri (旁, right-hand part of a kanji) indicating the On reading with another character of the same On reading with fewer strokes, or replacing a complex component of a character with a simpler one.

There have been a few stages of simplifications made since the 1950s, but the only changes that became official were the changes in the Jōyō Kanji List in 1981 and 2010.[1]

Background

The following forms were established as a result of the postwar character reforms. However, they were not completely created anew, as many were based on widely used handwritten abbreviations (ryakuji, 略字) from the prewar era.[2] Due to the complexity of kanji, many abbreviations were used in handwriting, whose status rose to become official characters in the postwar reforms. Attention was paid to the aesthetic balance of the characters in their new form.

Kyūjitai→ShinjitaiOn'yomiKun'yomiMeaning
鐵→鉄テツ tetsuくろがね kurogane (noun) iron
與→与ヨ yoあた(える) ata(eru) (verb) give
學→学ガク gakuまな(ぶ) mana(bu) (noun) study
體→体タイ taiからだ karada (noun) body
臺→台ダイ dai(noun) pedestal
國→国コク kokuくに kuni (noun) country, kingdom, nation
關→関カン kanせき seki (adjective) related
寫→写シャ shaうつ(す) utsu(su) (verb) copy
廣→広コウ kōひろ(い) hiro(i) (adjective) expansive, wide
狀→状ジョウ jō(noun) form
歸→帰キ kiかえ(る) kae(ru) (verb) return
齒→歯シ shiは ha (noun) tooth
步→歩ホ ho
フ fu
ブ bu		ある(く) aru(ku)

(verb) walk
圓→円エン enまる(い) maru(i) (noun) circle, Japanese yen; (adjective) round, circular

In almost all cases, characters in the new standard have fewer strokes than old forms, though in a few cases they have the same number, and in a few other cases they have one more stroke. The most radical simplification was 廳→庁, removing 20 strokes. A complete list by stroke count reduction can be found at: [新字体はどこまで画数を減らしたか？](2004/10/16)

Unofficial simplifications

There are other widely used ryakuji of this sort, such as the abbreviations for 門 (in simplified Chinese, this abbreviation, 门, has become official) and 第 (which exists in Unicode as 㐧 [3]), but these have not been included in the shinjitai reforms.

Unlike simplified Chinese, which was applied to all characters, the simplification in shinjitai were only officially applied to characters in the Tōyō and Jōyō Kanji Lists, with the kyūjitai forms remaining the official forms of Hyōgaiji (表外字, characters not included in the Tōyō and Jōyō Kanji Lists). For example, the character 擧 (KYO, agaru, ageru; raise [an example]) was simplified as 挙, but the character 欅 (keyaki; zelkova tree) which also contained 擧, remained unsimplified due to its status as a Hyōgaiji.

Simplified forms of hyōgaiji do exist, and are referred to as extended shinjitai (拡張新字体). However, they are unofficial, a position reiterated in the National Language Council’s 2000 report on Characters Not Listed in the Jōyō Kanji Table.

The Asahi Shimbun newspaper is thorough in its simplification of hyōgaiji, and its in-house simplifications are called Asahi characters. For example, 痙攣 (KEIREN; cramp, spasm, convulsion) is simplified following the model of 經→経 and 戀→恋. This is also said to have been done because in the age of typewriter-based printing, more complicated kanji could not be clearly printed.

The Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) contain numerous simplified forms of Kanji following the model of the shinjitai simplifications, such as 﨔 (the simplified form of 欅); many of these are included in Unicode, but are not present in most kanji character sets.

Methods of simplifying Kanji

Adoption of grass script forms

Cursive script (also known as grass script) and semi-cursive script forms of kanji were adopted as shinjitai. Examples include:

The aforementioned 门 handwritten simplification also originated from semi-cursive, but is not generally accepted in official Japanese writing.

Standardization and unification of character forms

Characters in which there were two or more variants were standardized under one form. The character 島 (TŌ, shima; island) also had the variant forms 嶋 (still seen in proper names) and 嶌, but the 島 form became standard. The 辶 radical was once printed with two dots (as in the hyōgaiji 逞) but was written with one (as in 体), so the written form with one dot became standard. The upper 丷 portion of the characters 半, 尊, and 平 was once printed as 八 and written 丷 (as in these three examples), but the old printed form is still seen in the hyōgaiji characters 絆 and 広. The character 青 (SEI, SHŌ, ao; blue) was once printed as 靑 but written as 青, so the written form became standard; the old printed form is still found in the standard form in hyōgaiji characters such as 鯖 and 礻, but 青 is used in some fonts.

Change of character indicating On reading

Characters of the keisei monji (形声文字) group each contain a semantic part and a phonetic part. The choice was made to swap the phonetic parts with homophones which had fewer strokes. For example, 圍 was changed to 囲, because 韋 and 井 were homophones.

Other simplifications of this method include 竊→窃, 廳→庁, 擔→担. There are also colloquial handwritten simplifications based on this model, in which various non-kanji symbols are used as onpu, for example 魔 (MA; demon) [simplification: ⿸广マ, 广+マ {Katakana ma}], 慶 (KEI; jubilation) [⿸广K, 广+K], 藤 (TŌ, fuji; wisteria) [⿱艹ト, 艹+ト {Katakana to}], and 機 (KI; machine, opportunity) [⿰木キ, 木+キ {Katakana ki}].

Use of variant character

In some cases, a complex character was replaced with a simpler character which neither had graphical resemblance, nor was homophonic, but which had traditionally been considered a variant. Examples include 登 → 正 and 登 → 丁.

Removal of complicated portions

Some kanji were simplified by removing entire components. For example,

Adding a stroke

In five basic cases, and six derivations, for a total of eleven cases, kanji were modified by adding a stroke, making the composition more regular:

Inconsistencies

Simplification was not done uniformly. Firstly, only a select group of characters (the jōyō kanji) was simplified, with many characters outside this group (the hyōgaiji) retaining their earlier form. Secondly, even when a simplification was done in some characters within this group, the analogous simplification was not applied to all characters.

For example, the character 龍, meaning "dragon," was simplified in isolation and in some compound characters, but not others. The character itself was simplified to 応, as was the compound character 瀧 ("waterfall") → 滝, it was not simplified in the characters 襲 ("attack") and 籠 ("basket").

Conversely, the character 貫 was not simplified, nor was the compound character 慣, but in the other compound character 實 it was simplified, resulting in 実.

Similarly, 青 is used in isolation, but in compounds has been simplified to 絆, such as 醉 to 魔; 專 has been simplified to 云 in some characters, such as 傳 to 伝, and 轉 to 転, but only to 専 in isolation or some other characters (there are also similar characters such as 薄).

Simplifications in Jōyō Kanji and Jinmeiyō Kanji

In the 2,136 Jōyō Kanji, there are 364 pairs of simplified and traditional characters. Note that the kanji 弁 is used to simplify three different traditional kanji (辨, 瓣, and 辯). Of these 364 traditional characters, 212 are still used as Jinmeiyō Kanji in names. The Jinmeiyō Kanji List also includes 631 kanjis that are not element of the Jōyō Kanji List; 18 of them have a variant. For a list of traditional and modern forms of Jōyō Kanji and Jinmeiyō Kanji, see Kyūjitai.

Some of the traditional kanji are not included in the Japanese font of Windows XP/2000, and only rectangles are shown. Downloading the Meiryo font from the Microsoft website (VistaFont_JPN.EXE) and installing it will solve this problem.

Traditional characters that may cause problems displaying

Note that within the Jōyō Kanji there are 62 characters the old forms of which may cause problems displaying:

Kyōiku Kanji (26):

Secondary-School Kanji (36):

These characters are Unicode CJK Unified Ideographs for which the old form (kyūjitai) and the new form (shinjitai) have been unified under the Unicode standard. Although the old and new forms are distinguished under the JIS X 0213 standard, the old forms map to Unicode CJK Compatibility Ideographs which are considered by Unicode to be canonically equivalent to the new forms and may not be distinguished by user agents. Therefore, depending on the user environment, it may not be possible to see the distinction between old and new forms of the characters. In particular, all Unicode normalization methods merge the old characters with the new ones.

Controversies

Like one of the controversial aspects of simplified Chinese, some shinjitai were originally separate characters with different meanings. For example, the kanji 藝 (GEI; performance, accomplishment) was simplified to 芸, but 芸 was originally a separate character read with the On reading UN. Many of the original characters which have become merged are no longer used in modern Japanese: for example, 豫 (YO, arakaji(me); in advance) and 餘 (YO, ama(ri); excess) were merged with 予 and 余, respectively, both archaic kanji for the first person pronoun "I". However, 芸 poses a problem, in that Japan's first public library, Untei (芸亭) (built during the Nara Period) uses this character. This character also has significance in classical Japanese literature, and Japanese history books have had to distinguish between the two by writing UN using the old form of the 艹 radical, (十十).

Differences in simplification between Chinese and Japanese

China and Japan simplified their writing systems independently from each other. After World War II, their relations were not good, so they did not cooperate. Traditional Chinese characters are still officially used in Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, South Korea (as a supplement to Hangul, but they are no longer used in North Korea), and by many overseas Chinese.

In Chinese, many more characters were simplified than in Japanese; some characters were simplified only in the one language, but not in the other; other characters were simplified in the same way in both languages, others in different ways. This means that those who want to learn the writing systems of both Chinese and Japanese must sometimes learn three different variations of one character: traditional Chinese, modern Chinese, and modern Japanese (e.g. 龍 - 龙 - 竜).

Traditional Chinese
繁體中文		 Simplified Chinese
简体中文		 Modern Japanese
日本語
No simplification in both languages 木 木 木
Same simplification in both languages 條 条 条
Simplified in Chinese only 張 张 張
Simplified in Japanese only 乘 乘 乗
Different simplifications in Chinese and Japanese 變 变 変
Traditional in Chinese only 蟲 虫 豫

References

  1. ↑
  2. ↑ "This page shows examples of these handwritten abbreviations, identical to their modern shinjitai forms, from the prewar era". Kan-chan.stbbs.net. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
  3. ↑ "Unihan data for U+3427". Unicode.org. Retrieved 2013-10-22.

External links

Look up shinjitai in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Glyph conversion

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