Short-circuit evaluation

Short-circuit evaluation, minimal evaluation, or McCarthy evaluation (after John McCarthy) is the semantics of some Boolean operators in some programming languages in which the second argument is executed or evaluated only if the first argument does not suffice to determine the value of the expression: when the first argument of the AND function evaluates to false, the overall value must be false; and when the first argument of the OR function evaluates to true, the overall value must be true. In some programming languages (Lisp), the usual Boolean operators are short-circuit. In others (Ada, Java), both short-circuit and standard Boolean operators are available. For some Boolean operations, like exclusive or (XOR), it is not possible to short-circuit, because both operands are always required to determine the result.

The short-circuit expression x Sand y (using Sand to denote the short-circuit variety) is equivalent to the conditional expression if x then y else false; the expression x Sor y is equivalent to if x then true else y.

Short-circuit operators are, in effect, control structures rather than simple arithmetic operators, as they are not strict. In imperative language terms (notably C and C++), where side effects are important, short-circuit operators introduce a sequence point – they completely evaluate the first argument, including any side effects, before (optionally) processing the second argument. ALGOL 68 used proceduring to achieve user defined short-circuit operators & procedures.

In loosely typed languages that have more than the two truth-values True and False, short-circuit operators may return the last evaluated subexpression, so that x Sor y and x Sand y are equivalent to if x then x else y and if x then y else x respectively (without evaluating x twice). This is called "last value" in the table below.

In languages that use lazy evaluation by default (like Haskell), all functions are effectively short-circuit, and special short-circuit operators are not needed.

The use of short-circuit operators has been criticized as problematic:

The conditional connectives — "cand" and "cor" for short — are ... less innocent than they might seem at first sight. For instance, cor does not distribute over cand: compare

(A cand B) cor C with (A cor C) cand (B cor C);

in the case ¬A ∧ C , the second expression requires B to be defined, the first one does not. Because the conditional connectives thus complicate the formal reasoning about programs, they are better avoided.^[1]

Support in common programming languages

Boolean operators in various languages

Language	Eager operators	Short-circuit operators	Result type
Advanced Business Application Programming (ABAP)	none	and, or	Boolean^1
Ada	and, or	and then, or else	Boolean
ALGOL 68	and, &, ∧ ; or, ∨	andf , orf (both user defined)	Boolean
C, Objective-C	none	&&, ||, ?[2]	int (&&,||), opnd-dependent (?)
C++^2	&, |	&&, ||, ?[3]	Boolean (&&,||), opnd-dependent (?)
C#	&, |	&&, ||, ?, ??	Boolean (&&,||), opnd-dependent (?, ??)
ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML)	none	AND, OR, &&, ||	Boolean
D^3	&, |	&&, ||, ?	Boolean (&&,||), opnd-dependent (?)
Eiffel	and, or	and then, or else	Boolean
Erlang	and, or	andalso, orelse	Boolean
Fortran^4	.and., .or.	.and., .or.	Boolean
Go, Haskell, OCaml	none	&&, ||	Boolean
Java, Julia, MATLAB, R, Swift	&, |	&&, ||	Boolean
JavaScript	&, |	&&, ||	Last value
Lasso	none	and, or, &&, ||	Last value
Lisp, Lua, Scheme	none	and, or	Last value
MUMPS (M)	&, !	none	Numeric
Modula-2	none	AND, OR	Boolean
Oberon	none	&, OR	Boolean
OCaml	none	&&, ||	Boolean
Pascal	and, or^5	and_then, or_else^6	Boolean
Perl, Ruby	&, |	&&, and, ||, or	Last value
PHP	&, |	&&, and, ||, or	Boolean
Python	&, |	and, or	Last value
Smalltalk	&, |	and:, or:^7	Boolean
Standard ML	Unknown	andalso, orelse	Boolean
Visual Basic .NET	And, Or	AndAlso, OrElse	Boolean
VBScript, Visual Basic, Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)	And, Or	Select Case^8	Numeric
Wolfram Language	And @@ {...}, Or @@ {...}	And, Or, &&, ||	Boolean

¹ ABAP has no distinct boolean type.
² When overloaded, the operators && and || are eager and can return any type.
³ This only applies to runtime-evaluated expressions, static if and static assert. Expressions in static initializers or manifest constants use eager evaluation.
⁴ Fortran operators are neither short-circuit nor eager: the language specification allows the compiler to select the method for optimization.
⁵ ISO/IEC 10206:1990 Extended Pascal allows, but does not require, short-circuiting.
⁶ ISO/IEC 10206:1990 Extended Pascal supports and_then and or_else.^[4]
7 Smalltalk uses short-circuit semantics as long as the argument to and: is a block (e.g., false and: [Transcript show: 'Wont see me']).
⁸ BASIC languages that supported CASE statements did so by using the conditional evaluation system, rather than as jump tables limited to fixed labels.

Common use

Avoiding undesired side effects of the second argument

Usual example, using a C-based language:

int denom = 0;
if (denom != 0 && num / denom)
{
    ... // ensures that calculating num/denom never results in divide-by-zero error   
}

Consider the following example:

int a = 0;
if (a != 0 && myfunc(b))
{
    do_something();
}

In this example, short-circuit evaluation guarantees that myfunc(b) is never called. This is because a != 0 evaluates to false. This feature permits two useful programming constructs. Firstly, if the first sub-expression checks whether an expensive computation is needed and the check evaluates to false, one can eliminate expensive computation in the second argument. Secondly, it permits a construct where the first expression guarantees a condition without which the second expression may cause a run-time error. Both are illustrated in the following C snippet where minimal evaluation prevents both null pointer dereference and excess memory fetches:

bool is_first_char_valid_alpha_unsafe(const char *p)
{
    return isalpha(p[0]); // SEGFAULT highly possible with p == NULL
}

bool is_first_char_valid_alpha(const char *p)
{
    return p != NULL && isalpha(p[0]); // a) no unneeded isalpha() execution with p == NULL, b) no SEGFAULT risk
}

Possible problems

Untested second condition leads to unperformed side effect

Despite these benefits, minimal evaluation may cause problems for programmers who do not realize (or forget) it is happening. For example, in the code

if (expressionA && myfunc(b)) {
    do_something();
}

if myfunc(b) is supposed to perform some required operation regardless of whether do_something() is executed, such as allocating system resources, and expressionA evaluates as false, then myfunc(b) will not execute, which could cause problems. Some programming languages, such as Java, have two operators, one that employs minimal evaluation and one that does not, to avoid this problem.

Problems with unperformed side effect statements can be easily solved with proper programming style, i.e., not using side effects in boolean statements, as using values with side effects in evaluations tends to generally make the code opaque and error-prone.^[5]

Since minimal evaluation is part of an operator's semantic definition and not an (optional) optimization, many coding styles rely on it as a succinct (if idiomatic) conditional construct, such as these Perl idioms:

some_condition or die;    # Abort execution if some_condition is false
some_condition and die;   # Abort execution if some_condition is true

Code efficiency

Short-circuiting can lead to errors in branch prediction on modern central processing units (CPUs), and dramatically reduce performance. A notable example is highly optimized ray with axis aligned box intersection code in ray tracing). Some compilers can detect such cases and emit faster code, but programming language semantics may constrain such optimizations.

References

1. Edsger W. Dijkstra, "On a somewhat disappointing correspondence", EWD1009-0, 25 May 1987 full text
2. ISO/IEC 9899 standard, section 6.5.13
3. ISO/IEC IS 14882 draft.
4. "and_then - The GNU Pascal Manual". Gnu-pascal.de. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
5. "Referential Transparency, Definiteness and Unfoldability" (PDF). Itu.dk. Retrieved 2013-08-24.